
Pass Q L 6 ff^ 
Book -^SCS 



SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 
Bulletin 117 



THE DISTRIBUTION OF BIRD LIFE IN 

THE URUBAMBA VALLEY 

OF PERU 



A REPORT ON THE BIRDS COLLECTED BY THE 

YALE UNIVERSITY-NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC 

SOCIETY'S EXPEDITIONS 



BY 



FRANK M. CHAPMAN 

Of the American Museum of Natural History 



21 




■ O 



WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1921 



U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 




SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 
Bulletin 117 



THE DISTRIBUTION OF BIRD LIFE IN 
THE URUBAMBA VALLEY 

OF PERU L_ 



A REPORT ON THE BIRDS COLLECTED BY THE 

YALE UNIVERSITY-NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC 

SOCIETY'S EXPEDITIONS 



BY 



FRANK M. CHAPMAN 

Of the American Museum of Natural History 









WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1921 






3%& 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS | 

*>VED 

JUL 21 192J 



ADVERTISEMENT. 

The scientific publications of the United States National Museum 
J consists of two series, the Proceedings and the Bulletins. 

The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are 
intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original, and 
usually brief, papers based on the collections of the National 
Museum, presenting newly acquired facts in zoology, geology, and 
anthropology, including descriptions of new forms of animals and 
revisions of limited groups. One or two volumes are issued annually 
and distributed to libraries and scientific organizations. A limited 
number of copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, is distributed to 
specialists and others interested in the different subjects as soon as 
printed. The date of publication is recorded in the tables of contents 
of the volume. 

The Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, consist of a 
series of separate publications comprising chiefly monographs of 
large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occa- 
sionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, 
and catalogues of type-specimens, special collections, etc. The ma- 
jority of the volumes are octavos, but a quarto size has been adopted 
in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indis- 
pensable. 

Since 1902 a series of octavo volumes containing papers relating 
to the botanical collections of the Museum, and known as the Con- 
tributions from the National Herbarium, has been published as 
bulletins. 

The present work forms No. 117 of the Bulletin series. 

William deC. Ravenel, 
Administrative Assistant to the Secretary, 
In charge of the United States National Museum. 

Washington, D. C, March 19, 1921. 

3 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Page. 

1 introduction 7 

Previous ornithological work in the Urubamba Valley 9 

Whitely's collections 9 

Kalinowski's collections 10 

Collections of Yale University-National Geographic Society's expeditions. . 11 

Descriptions of collecting stations 12 

Life zones of the Urubamba Valley 26 

Tropical Zone 27 

Subtropical Zone 30 

Temperate Zone 30 

Puna or Paramo Zone 35 

North American migrants 40 

List of species and subspecies described 40 

Distributional list of the 380 species aDd subspecies of birds known from the 

Urubamba Valley 41 

Index 125 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Plate 1. 

Facing page 
Map of the Urubamba region of Peru 1 

Plate 2. 

Upper: Headwaters of the Urubamba River at La Raya Pass. 

Lower: Occobamba Pass 14 

Plate 3. 
Upper: Camp at Ttica-Ttica. 
Lower: Huaracondo River and (in the distance) town 16 

Plate 4. 

Upper: Huaracondo Canyon at its entrance to the Urubamba Canyon. 
Lower: Looldng down the Urubamba River, toward Mount Salcantay, at 
Ollantaytambo 17 

Plate 5. 

Upper: Camp at Astillero below Torontoy. 

Lower: Urubamba River above Santa Ana 19 

Plate 6. 
Forest in bottom of the Urubamba Canyon above San Miguel Bridge 20 

Plate 7. 
Forests of the Subtropical Zone in the Urubamba Canyon at Machu Picchu. . . 21 

Plate 8. 

Upper: Timberline near Cedrobamba. 

Lower: Forests near Cedrobamba. .. 22 

Plate 9. 

Upper: Chauillay Bridge over the Urubamba River. 

Lower : Santa Ana Valley, Lower Urubamba Valley 23 

6 



THE DISTRIBUTION OF BIRD LIFE IN THE 
URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 



AIREPORT ON THE BIRDS COLLECTED BY THE YALE UNIVERSITY-NATIONAL 
GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY'S EXPEDITIONS. 



By Frank M. Chapman 

Of the American Museum of Natural History. 



INTRODUCTION. 

The work of the Yale University-National Geographic Society's 
Expeditions in the Urubamba region of Peru, under the direction of 
Prof. Hiram Bingham, has included not only the archaeological inves- 
tigations which have made the country explored so widely known, 
but also researches in other branches of science, the whole being 
designed to form a comprehensive survey of the physical conditions 
and biological resources of the area under consideration. 

The task of making collections in vertebrate zoology was entrusted 
to the well-known naturalist, Edmund Heller, formerly of the Bio- 
logical Survey, and the representative of the United States National 
Museum on the Koosevelt Expedition to British East Africa. The 
fact should be emphasized that Mr. Heller's first object in the field 
was the collection of mammals, and every one familiar with the diffi- 
culties of mammal collecting in the Andes will appreciate the skill 
and energy he displayed in amassing a collection of no less than 884 
specimens. 1 

In collecting birds Mr. Heller attempted to secure species rather 
than specimens and his collection, therefore, contains a much larger 
number of forms than its size would lead one to expect. 

Mr. Heller was in the field from April to November, 1915, during 
which time he made collections from the upper limit of life above the 
La Eaya Pass (altitude 14,200 feet) to the dense forests of the humid 
Tropical Zone in the Rio Comberciato (altitude 1,800 feet). Between 
these extremes he worked at intermediate points representing every 
life zone in both its humid and arid aspects. Heller's work in the 
forests of the humid Temperate Zone at timber line (approximate 

1 A report on this collection by Oldfield Thomas has been published in the Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., 
vol. 58, pp. 217-249. 

7 



8 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

altitude 12,500 feet) is of special importance. This zone has been 
previously explored in Peru only in the district about Maraynioc in 
the Eastern Cordillera somewhat north of the latitude of Lima, where 
von Tschudi, Jelski, and Kalinowski secured a surprising number of 
distinct new forms. The rainfall which produces the forest character- 
izing the humid Temperate Zone is also, in a measure, responsible for 
our ignorance of its life. The rain creates not only forests, but also 
rivers, and the river valleys form the natural sites for the trails which 
connect the highlands and lowlands. When the collector, in following 
these trails, reaches the region of Temperate Zone forests, his path is 
far below them and he thus passes under a zone of exceptional interest- 
I had this experience in the Eastern Andes of Colombia between 
Bogota and Villavicencio ; 2 while Kalinowski, who collected during 
several years in the Urubamba region, appears not to have worked in 
the forests of the humid Temperate Zone, though he lived within a 
few miles of them. 

The authorities of the Yale University-National Geographic Society 
having honored me by a request to report upon Heller's collection of 
birds, 1 decided to alter an itinerary already made for a reconnaissance 
in South America, on which I was to start four days after this request 
was received, to permit me to make a hurried journey down the Uru- 
bamba Valley as far as Santa Ana. This was done under the auspices 
of the institutions just named. 

Leaving Cuzco with our pack animals on July 1, we returned to 
that city on July 24, making meanwhile 13 camps in localities rep- 
resenting all the faunal areas of the region, except the humid Tem- 
perate and humid Tropical Zones, which the very limited time at my 
command prevented me from visiting. Unfortunately it had not 
been possible to make a critical examination of Heller's collections 
before leaving, or to examine his field notes, nevertheless I realize 
that without this personal experience, brief as it was, I should not be 
in a position to prepare even the provisional discussion of the faunal 
problems of this region which is presented beyond. 

I was accompanied on this short expedition by that veteran col- 
lector, George K. Cherrie, and by my son, Frank M. Chapman, Jr., 
and at Tirapata we were joined b}^ Harry Watkins, a resident natu- 
ralist who for some years before had been securing birds for the 
American Museum. Cherrie was the same invaluable lieutenant that 
he has been on former occasions, and Watkins proved an efficient aid. 
With the balance left from the appropriation made for this expedition 
by the National Geographic Societ}^, Watkins was later employed to 
make collections at La Raya and in the Cuzco district in April, 1917. 

Cordial acknowledgement for assistance in the preparation of the 
paper is due my staff associates, Mrs. A. K. Fraser, Mr. Ludlow 

* See Bull. Anier. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 36, 1917, p. 55. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 9 

Griscom, Mr. W. DeW. Miller, Mrs. E. M. B. Reichenberger, and Mr. 
Charles H. Rogers. To Mrs. Reichenberger I am especially indebted 
for a preliminary examination of specimens which greatly facilitated 
their final determination. I have also to thank Mr. Outram Bangs 
for the loan of specimens from the collections under his charge, and 
Mr. L. S. Blaisdell, of Arequipa, and Senor Carlos Duque, of Santa 
Ana, for courtesies and hospitalities extended to us in the field. 

PREVIOUS ORNITHOLOGICAL WORK IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY. 

So far as published records go, our knowledge of the bird life of the 
Urubamba region is based upon the collections made by Whitely and 
Kalinowski and reported upon respectively by Sclater and Salvin and 
von Berlepsch and Stolzmann, references to whose works are included 
beyond. 

Castelnau descended the Urubamba from near Cuzco to the Ucayali 
in the autumn of 1846, but beyond a reference 3 to the cock-of-the- 
rock, under the "Vallee de Santa Ana," I find no mention of the bird 
life of the district here under consideration in his works. 

WHITELY'S COLLECTIONS.'* 

The first bird collector to enter the Urubamba region was Mr. H. 
Whitely, who, during the course of explorations in southern Peru, 
extending over a number of years, visited Tinta and vicinity in the 
upper valley in August, 1868, and the Santa Ana Valley subsequently. 

From the first-named region he secured a fairly representative 
collection, but the collection from the Santa Ana district is far from 
complete. A list of Whitely's localities in the Urubamba Valley 
follows : 

Tinta (altitude, 11,329 feet). — A small town midway between La 
Raya and Cuzco. It is in the Puna Zone, but the occurrence of 
Diglossa hrunneiveniris and Thraupis darwini laeta indicates that it 
is not far above the upper limits of the arid Temperate Zone. Whitely 
collected at and near Tinta from May to August, 1868, securing 131 
specimens of 46 species, among them the types of Lessonia niger 
oreas, Agriornis insolcns, and Pocspizopsis caesar. 5 

Pitumosrca. — A village near and slightly higher than Tinta (alti- 
tude, 11,329 feet) in the upper Urubamba Valley, visited by Whitely 
in 1868. Type locality of Columba albipennis. 

Tungasuca. — A village near and slightly higher than Tinta (alti- 
tude, 11,329 feet) in the upper Urub<amba Valley, visited by Whitely 
in 1868. 

Iluiro (altitude, 4,800 feet). — A settlement about 8 miles east of 
the junction of the Vilcabamba with the Urubamba at Chauillay 

» Hist, du Voy., vol. 4, p. 288. 

* See Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soe., 1809, pp. 151-158; 1876, pp. 15-19. 

6 Idem. 



10 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

Bridge. It is evidently in the arid Tropical Zone, most of the 25 
species secured here by Whitely being also found at Santa Ana. 
Type locality of Thamnophilus melanochrous* 

Maramora (altitude 4,000 feet). — A hacienda in the lower Uru- 
bamba (Santa Ana) Valley between Chauillay Bridge and Santa 
Ana. The country is essentially like that about Santa Ana. Whitely 
secured 22 species here. 

Potrero (altitude 4,500 feet). — A hacienda above Santa Ana on the 
way to Idma. The immediate surroundings resemble those found 
at Santa Ana. Whitely secured 10 species here. 

KALINOWSKI'S COLLECTIONS.* 

The well-known collector of Peruvian birds, Jean Kalinowski, 
made a small collection in the vicinity of Cuzco and a larger one in 
the Santa Ana region. They were reported upon by Berlepsch and 
Stolzmann who regret their inability to give details of Kalinowski's 
journey other than the dates at which he visited various localities, 
and who present no general remarks upon the faunal questions 
involved. I transcribe the dates published by the authors named. 

Cuzco District. — Cuzco, May 13, 1894; January 17, 1898; Urquillos, 
January 30, 1896; Suriti, May 13, 1894; Luatanay, May 22, 1894; 
San Geronimo, March 8, 1896; Curahausi, May 10, 1894; Licamachay, 
May 1, 1894; Vilcabamba, June 27, 1894; June 24, 25, 1895. In 
all, 13 species are recorded from these localities, the result, appa- 
rently, of incidental collecting. Tanagra darwini laeta was described 
from Cuzco. 

Santa Ana District. — Santa Ana, June 2-22, July 5-11, August 
28, September 8-22, November 2-22, December 4-19, 1894; Echarati, 
September 16, 1894; Pacaymayo, June 1, 1894; Idma, June 30, 
July 1-31, August 2-30, October 11-31, November 2-24, 1894; 
June 7, 1895; Paltaypampa, November, 1894; June, 1895; Pampa 
de Derrumbe, June 1, July and October, 1894; Potrero, October, 
1894; Puna de Idma, November 24, 1894; Tambillo, September 5, 
1895; Casinchihua, May 7, 1894. 

Santa Ana itself and Idma were the two principal stations for the 
133 species recorded from the district, 56 being taken at the first- 
named, 75 at the last-named locality. It should be noted that the 
entry in this paper of "Idma, Sta. Ana," does not mean Idma and 
Santa Ana, but Idma in the district of Santa Ana. The difference 
is important, since Idma is in the humid Subtropical Zone. This 
fact should be especially noted in connection with the list of new 
forms said to have been described from Santa Ana, 7 only three of the 
nine mentioned actually having come from that place. They are the 

« Troc. Zool. Soc, 1876, pp. 1-5-19. 

1 See Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, vol. 13, 1906, pp. 63-66; 73-105. 



. 



BIRD LIFE IX THE TJRUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 11 

following: Nothura maculosa peruviana, Myiozetetes similis con- 
nivms, and Sporophila gutturalis inconspicua. 

The following were described from Idrna: LopJiotriccus squam- 
aecristatus hypochlorus, Buthraupis cucullata saturata, and Basileuterus 
sinnatus. Of the remaining three birds in this list of nine said to 
have been described from Santa Ana, two are from Chirimoto in 
the Chachapoyas district of northern Peru, and one from La Merced 
in the Chanchamayo district east of Lima. 

COLLECTIONS OF YALE UNIVERSITY-NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC 
SOCIETY'S EXPEDITIONS. 

As mentioned above, the Heller Expedition was in the field from 
April to November, 1915; the Chapman Expedition from July 1 to 
July 24, 1916; Watkins collected alone from April 3 to 25, 1917, 
and in 1914 made a small collection for the American Museum near 
Cuzco. The results of this collecting form the material basis of the 
present paper and may be summarized as follows: 

Number of specimens. 

Heller Expedition 757 

Chapman Expedition 744 

Watkins Expedition 237 

Watkins's Cuzco collection 95 

Total number of specimens 1, 833 

The total number of species recorded by Whitely and Kalinowski 
is 202. From essentially the same region in which these collectors 
worked we secured 291 species. Adding to this number the species 
taken by Heller in the humid Tropical Zone on the Rio Cosireni and 
Rio Comberciato, a zone the collectors above mentioned did not 
enter, and 43 species which they secured and we did not, and we 
have a total of 380 species known from the Urubamba Valley. Fur- 
ther exploration, particularly in the humid Tropical Zone, would 
greatly increase this number. As a result of three and half years' 
collecting in a section from the Puna Zone at Lake Junin to the 
humid Tropical Zone at the eastern base of the Andes, Kalinowski 
secured 483 species. Adding to these, 66 species taken in the same 
region by Jelski, but not by Kalinowski, we have a total of 549. 
This number doubtless fairly represents the avifauna of the region 
explored, but further work in the humid Tropical Zone would un- 
questionably increase it. Our work in this zone was only sufficient 
to show the faunal affinities of our two stations in it. I believe also 
that the forests of the humid Temperate Zone contain a considerable 
number of species not represented in our collections, and it is certain 
that additional species could be secured in the forests of the Sub- 
tropical Zone, their density and the plrysical difficulties of mountain 
collecting making it far from easy to take a census of their inhabitants. 



12 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



The collections from the arid Temperate Zone and from the Paramo 
or Puna Zone are doubtless reasonably complete. In both zones the 
fauna is comparatively limited and the open nature of the country 
renders it difficult for birds to escape observation. 

DESCRIPTIONS OF COLLECTING STATIONS. 

The detailed descriptions of the collecting stations, prepared chiefly 
by Heller, which are given beyond may be prefaced by an outline 
which, avoiding repetition as much as possible, may give consecu- 
tively the more significant features of the country under consideration 
as they affect the distribution of bird-life. 

As used here, the term Urubamba Valley, is designed to include the 
district through which the Urubamba River flows from its source at 
La Raya to its entrance on the forested Amazonian plains at the 
Pongo de Mainique. Our survey includes not only the shores of the 
river but the slopes arising from it and crests overlooking it, all (ex- 
cepting "Occobamba Valley") in Urubamba drainage. 

The causes underlying the topography and climatic conditions, both 
general and local, of this region are fully treated in Bowman's "The 
Andes of Southern Peru," 8 a work which may stand as a model of 
objective observation and subjective consideration. 

My experience in other parts of the Andes confirms the opinion ex- 
pressed, I believe, by Professor Bingham, that the Urubamba region 
contains the most impressive scenery of the entire Andean system. 
Certainly no other section of this great mountain chain has been more 
adequately photographed, but, although I was familiar with the re- 
sults achieved and had seen the best of them as enlargements or 
lantern-slide projections, they gave me but a faint conception of the 
magnitude, grandeur, and diversity of the scenery of the region. Any 
attempt on my part to describe its beauties would therefore be not 
only foreign to my theme but fruitless. 

So gradual is the slope from the shores of Lake Titicaca over the old 
lake bed to the pass at La Raya, so flat the grass-covered valley floor, 
that no striking topographic features announce the approach of the 
divide between Titicacan and Amazonian drainage. Only the 
accelerated motion of the train as it starts down the steeper grades of 
the upper Urubamba Valley tells the unobservant traveller that he has 
passed the highest point (altitude 14,010 feet) in his journey from 
Titicaca to Cuzco. 

The country immediately south of the Pass is dry, upland pasture; 
but within a few yards north of the Pass one enters an area of marshes, 
springs, small streams, and lagoons in which the Urubamba River has 
its origin. The change is abrupt and striking and is accompanied by 

^American Geographical Society. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 13 

a change in the character of the bird-life, evident even from the 
window of a moving train, geese (Cftloephaga) , ducks of several 
species, ibis (Plegadis), coots (Fulica), replacing the occasional 
flickers (Colaptes puna) seen on the Titicacan side. (PL 2) 

Not a tree, nor indeed any suggestion of bushy growth, is seen; the 
region is above the limit of cultivation and is typical Puna. 

About 20 kilometers north of the Pass, and nearly 2,000 feet below 
it, barley and low hedges of cactus were first observed, and bushes 
bordered the streams, indicating that we had reached the very tips of 
the arms of the arid Temperate Zone which stretch upward into the 
Puna Zone. 

We have had no collecting stations between La Raya and Cuzco, but 
the presence in Whiteley's collections from Tinta (altitude 11,329 
feet), about 12 kilometers north of Sicuani, of Diglossa brunneiventris, 
Tanagra darwini laeta, and Saltator albociliaris supplies the ornitho- 
logical evidence of the existence of the arid Temperate Zone at this 
point. 

Near Huambutio the railway leaves the Urubamba to ascend the 
Rio Huatanay to Cuzco. We did not see the Urubamba again until 
we reached it at the mouth of the Huaracondo Canyon (altitude 9,800 
feet) well within the limits of the arid Temperate Zone. However, 
Watkins's collections from Pisac (altitude 10,060 feet) and Calca (alti- 
tude 9,957 feet), both on the Urubamba, acquaint us with the char- 
acter of the fauna of the intervening country. 

Our route from Cuzco lay slightly north of west through Ttica-Ttica, 
Puquiura, the Pampa of Anta, and Huaracondo, whence we descended 
the canyon of that name. (PL 3 .) 

After leaving Ttica-Ttica (altitude 11,900 feet) we traversed a 
rather flat country with a general elevation of 11,200 feet and bounded 
by grass-covered rolling hills, broken here and there by barrancas. 

The region has been under cultivation for centuries. An occasional 
tree was seen on the hilltops, but if a forest ever existed here, it has 
long since disappeared, and the train after train of wood-laden 
burros which one passes show that the ceaseless demand for fuel is 
now supplied from farther down the valley. 

The hillsides have some stunted, bushy growth which attains the 
size of small trees along the borders of streams in the barrancas. 

Faunally the region is still one of interpenetration of the Puna and 
arid Temperate Zones, the former occupying the open country, the 
latter confined largely to the growth in the barrancas, as is described 
more fully beyond. 

Soon after leaving the tableland at Huaracondo we quickly 
descended 1,000 feet down the trail leading to the bottom of the 
Huaracondo Canyon where a rushing river offers a suitable home 
for dippers (Cinclus) and torrent ducks ( Merganetta) . 



14 BULLETIN 11*7, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

The decrease in altitude and the presence of water combine to 
produce considerable bushy and arborescent growth with a corre- 
sponding increase in the number of arid Temperate Zone species. 
Country of essentially this type (see Heller's descriptions under 
Chospiyoc and Ollantaytambo) prevailed down the Urubamba Valley 
until we reached a short distance below Torontoy (which see), where 
at the bottom of the canyon and on the steep slopes arising from it we 
saw the first traces of forest growth, and at the same time entered the 
upper border of the Subtropical Zone. 

Paroquets (Aratinga m. mitrata), ant thrushes (Tliamnopliilus 
melanochrous) , flycatchers (Knipolegus), vireos (Vireosylva j. 
josephae), warblers (Myioborus m. melanocephalus and Basileuterus 
luteoviridis signatus), and other characteristic subtropical species 
suddenly became common, and a single cock-of-the-rock was seen. 

From this point the vegetation increased in luxuriance. In places 
the narrow floor of the canyon was grown with highly developed 
forest which, unbroken, covered the slopes that were not too steep 
to permit of tree growth. (PI. 6.) 

The region seemed well adapted to the wants of birds, nevertheless 
comparatively few were seen and it was only by the most diligent 
collecting that we secured a fair number of specimens. It should, 
however, be remembered that the season was midwinter (July) and 
but few birds were in song. Day broke in almost complete silence. 
An occasional cassique (Ostiuops atrovirens) called, a wood wren 
( HenicorJiina) sang at intervals, but the croak of toucans and the 
cooing of doves, which form so prominent a part of the morning 
chorus in the subtropics and humid tropics, were wholly wanting. 

Shortly before reaching San Miguel Bridge, at the base of the 
mountain on which lie the ruins of Machu Picchu, made known to 
the world by Professor Bingham's explorations, the luxuriant forest 
growth disappears and we quickly pass into the upper border of the 
arid tropics with its low scrubby growth in which acacias and cacti 
characterize the vegetation and Tapera naevia and Tliraupis episcopus 
the birds. (PI. 5.) 

Santa Ana, the end of our journey down the valley, is in the heart 
of this arid Tropical Zone, which extends at least to Echarati where 
the forest of the humid Tropical Zone is said to begin. This we did 
not reach and our only collections from it were made by Heller at 
Rio Cosireni and Rio Comberciato about 50 miles below Echarati. 

From Santa Ana we ascended the mountain slopes to the Sub- 
tropical Zone at Idma, finding there essentially the same species as 
occur in this zone above San Miguel Bridge. 

The more detailed description of our collecting stations follows: 

La Raya (altitude 14,010 feet, Puna Zone). — The pass at La R&ya, 
on the railroad to Cuzco marks the divide between Titicacan and 



U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN 117 PL. 2 




Headwaters of the Urubamba River at La Raya Pass. 

Altitude 14,150 feet. Puna Zone. Photographed by Chapman, June 30, 1916. 








I* 



- <iii- 




V^l* 



-»HI 



^*V 



Occobamba Pass. 
Altitude 13,800 feet. Puna Zone. Photographed by Heller. 



BIKD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 15 

Amazonian drainage. The ascent from the Titicaca Basin is very 
gradual; the descent toward Cuzco is more rapid, the last 30 kilo- 
meters of the ascent giving an increase of only 412 meters as com- 
pared with a fall of 647 meters for the first 30 kilometers beyond the 
divide. 

The Urubamba River has its origin in the marshes and lagoons 
which lie immediately below the Pass. (PI. 2.) 

While at and near La Raya, November 9-25, 1915, Heller collected 
only mammals and our collection of birds from that place was made 
by Watkins. Beyond such widely distributed species as Nycticorax 
naevius, Falco fusco-caerulescens, Brachyspiza capensis peruviana and 
some others, the species secured are characteristic of the Puna. The 
following description of the region was written by Heller: 

La Raya Pass is an open, level-floored valley, grass-covered and dotted by small 
lagoons and marshy streams. Bounding the valley floor are rounded, grass-covered 
hills, and in places rocky ridges rising to a height of 2,000 or 3,000 feet. To the east 
of the Pass a view of snow-capped peaks, their sides furrowed by glaciers, may be 
obtained, but to the west the ridges are lower and without permanent snow fields. 

The temperature here was decidedly cool, or even bitter, during the day when the 
wind was blowing, and at night there was hoar frost. During our stay in November 
we were visited every evening about sunset by a violent thundershower of an hour's 
duration. The storm usually resolved itself into a hail or sleet affair accompanied 
by a heavy artillery of thunder and flashes of lightning which swept over the land- 
scape until dark. The days were bright with sunshine and as a rule calm, but the 
temperature was always bracing, although the sun was powerful enough to melt the 
light coating of sleet of the previous night's storm. 

The region of La Raya is quite treeless and to all appearances bushless as well. 
Tussocks of coarse bunch grass with sharply spiked blades are the all-pervading floral 
feature. Other species of more tender grasses, on which the flocks of llamas and 
alpacas feed, grow with these, but they are much less conspicuous. Matlike clusters 
of small brilliantly green herbs grow in the damp meadows, but such are quite grass- 
like in general appearance. On the rocky hillsides amid the shingle and gravel are 
found clumps of a yucca or Spanish bayonet with whorls of gray spiny leaves and 
tall dried flower stalks of past seasons still standing. A cactus, a small white silky 
cereus, grows sparingly at this altitude. One of the few flowering plants seen here 
was a nettle-leaved herb bearing showy, poppy-red flowers. A few inconspicuous 
flowers of anemone-like appearance were seen in the meadows. High up on the 
hillsides a few verdant bushes were encountered, but they were very local in dis- 
tribution. 

Watkins' Expedition, April 3-13, 1917, 142 specimens of 40 species. 

Pisac (altitude 10,060 feet, junction of arid Temperate and Puna 
Zones). — A town in the Urubamba Valley about 7 miles northeast 
of Cuzco. 

Watkins' Expedition, April 17-20, 1916, 65 specimens of 23 species. 

Calca (altitude 9,957 feet, junction of arid Temperate and Pima 
Zones). — A town in the Urubamba Valley near Urubamba with essen- 
tially the fauna of the Cuzco district. 

Watkins' Expedition, April 21-25, 1917, 34 specimens of 2J species. 



16 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

Ttica-Ttica (altitude 11,900 feet, junction of arid Temperate and 
Puna Zones) . — The first camp of the Chapman Expedition was just off 
the Incan highway which leaves Cuzco through the Ttica-Ttica Pass, 
and about 3 miles west by north of that city. It is a region of hills, 
valleys, and barrancas devoted to grazing and the growing of barley. 
Although our visit was made in the heart of the dry season, there was 
still some water in the stream beds of the deeper barrancas. At the 
bottom and on the sides of these barrancas and in the smaller, tributary 
quebradas, there was more or less low, bushy growth. This growth 
here marked the upper limit of the arid Temperate Zone, while the 
grass-covered areas supported the avifauna of the Puna. 

At 6 o'clock in the morning the mercury at this camp registered 
30° F. (PI. 3.) 

Chapman Expedition, July 2 and 3, 1916, 55 specimens of 21 species. 

Huaracondo Canyon (junction of arid Temperate and Puna Zones). — 
A narrow, steep-walled canyon about 10 miles long, carved by the 
Huaracondo River from Huaracondo (altitude 11,200 feet) to the 
Urubamba River (altitude 9,800 feet). Its floor supports consid- 
erable buslry and arborescent vegetation, well described by Heller, 
who collected here at Chospiyoc (which see). Our camp was at 
"Pumatales," the hacienda of Senor Silva, at an altitude of about 
10,000 feet, and apparently near the point at which Heller worked. 

At 6 o'clock in the morning, July 23, the mercury registered 32° F. 

Chapman Expedition, July 23, 1916; 55 specimens of 23 species. 

Chospiyoc (altitude 10,000 feet, junction of arid Temperate and 
Puna Zones). — Heller's station in the Huaracondo Canyon, evi- 
dently near the point at which the Chapman Expedition stopped for 
one day. The following description was written by Mr. Heller: 

The canyon of the Huaracondo River extends from the village of that name to the 
Urubamba Valley, where the river mingles its waters with the Rio Urubamba. Half- 
way down the canyon is situated Chospiyoc, a collection of cultivated fields, a hut, 
and a rickety bridge consisting of two crooked logs spanning the stream. The canyon 
is a perfect V-shape, with steep sides and a narrow floor occupied chiefly by the 
6tream. Chospiyoc lies at 10,000 feet altitude, and the precipitous sides of the canyon 
rise above it some 3,000 feet to the general level of the Andean ranges here. The walls 
throughout all tins half mile of vertical depth are alluvial deposits of gravel and clay, 
with no rock masses of large extent in place. The boulders lining the creek margin 
are many colors — white marbles, gray limestones, blackish slates, red porphyries, 
and many others. 

Our camp was pitched near the bridge, but across the stream from the cultivated 
fields of maize and wheat. Dining our stay here, in the latter part of April, the 
peach and apple trees were laden with ripe fruit, and the grain was also quite mature. 
The climate is quite dry at this point, most of the moisture falling at the higher alti- 
tudes, on the summits of the ridges, where the clouds are held. Rain was falling 
abundantly at night in the region drained by the Huaracondo River, which was a 
terra-cott*, red flood loaded with sediment from the adobe soil. The temperature at 
Chospiyoc \ 3 temperate, the days are pleasant and the nights cool, but not bitter. 
The naturaU.ree flora is quite extensive in species, but trees are nowhere numerous. 



U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN 117 PL. 3 




Camp at Ttica-Ttica. 

Mtitude 12,000 feet. Open country, Puna Zone; bush-grown "quebradas," arid Temperate Zone. 
Photographed by Chapman, July 3, 1916. 




HUARACONDO RlVER AND 'IN THE DISTANCE) TOWN. 

Mi ii tide 10,850 feel . Ducks, geese, ibis, gulls, and other Puna Zone species were common here. 
Photographed by Chapman, Jr., July 4, 1916. 



U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN 117 PL. 4 




HUARACONDO CANYON AT ITS ENTRANCE TO THE URUBAMBA CANYON. 

Altitude 9,400 feet. Arid Temperate Zone. The trees in the distance are eucalyptus. Photographed 

by Watkins. 











1 










'^sfe^ 




'i*--+ _^S^^m 




h^yflfe 






£SLj£ 










B!^*ft^glF3 




'*' i: ^$3H^SJ 








■ s- &k~~ 



Looking Down the Urubamba River, Toward Mount Salcantay, at 

Ollantaytambo. 



Altitude 9,300 feet. \ri<l Temperate Zone. Photographed by Chapman, July 5, 1916. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 17 

Straggling willows and alders line the river margins, beneath which are smaller 
bushes of many sorts, but there are no groves or clump of trees. On the flat land 
and lower hill-slopes a few stunted pepper trees carry on a brave struggle for exist- 
ence against the ax of the wood gatherers. 

Much of the valley floor is covered by a growth of composite bushes of the genus 
Baccharis, which are the chief thicket-forming shrubs. On the drier slopes far above 
the creek the yucca or Spanish bayonet clings to the gravelly banks, and at rare inter- 
vals a giant cactus, a species of Cereus, stands conspicuous and grotesque amid the 
bushes and rocks. The smaller spiny tree cactus i3 also found here, as well as 
numerous other spiny bushes, such as the barberry, Berberis flexuosa, Colletia spinosa, 
and Schinus dependens. (PI. 4.) 

Heller Expedition, late April 14-23, 1915; 34 specimens of 19 
species. 

OUantaytambo (altitude 9,300 feet, arid Temperate Zone). — This 
station lies in the arid Temperate Zone, the bushy and -arborescent 
vegetation found here on the valley floor offering a home for such 
characteristic species of this zone as Anaeretes jlavirostris, Saltator 
albociliaris, and Diglossa brunneiveniris. Here, as we descended the 
valley, we found the last evidences of the Puna Zone in Colaptes puna 
and Cinchdes fuscus rivularis. (PL 4.) 

Mr. Heller supplies the following notes on this station, at which 
the Chapman Expedition collected only on July 5 : 

One of the ancient Inca strongholds was the city of OUantaytambo, situated some 
10 leagues northwest of Cuzco in the Urubamba Valley at an altitude of 9,300 feet. 
At this point the valley has great depth,- the river having cut its way through the 
eastern cordillera of the Andes. On either side tower great cliffs to a height of 4,000 
feet or more, their summits splintered into many fantastic-shaped pinnacles. The 
T ock formation is chiefly a yellowish flinty shale; in the immediate vicinity, but 
across the river, on the western side of the valley, are areas of reddish granite, black 
slates, and other rocks. The position of the town was secure against invasion, except 
along the valley approaches of the Urubamba and the tributary stream of OUantay- 
tambo Creek. In the neighborhood of the town the valley floors have been con- 
verted into great level terraces of a rich, black soil, free of rocks, which is devoted 
to the cultivation of maize and wheat chiefly. The climate is quite dry, and to pro- 
vide against crop failures a series of canals for carrying water to the fields have been 
in use here since ancient times. 

OUantaytambo was our base station, and thither I returned at intervals during my 
eight months of field work. During April the rainy season draws to a close, rain fall- 
ing in the night and then only in intermittent showers. May and June are bright, 
clear months, but July furnishes a few showers, which again give way to a dry season 
in August and September. Rain in considerable quantities falls in October, and the 
country under these deluges blossoms verdant as our own spring in the north. We 
may consider April to May the fall, July midwinter, owing to its greater cold, and 
October a spring month, to continue the comparison. There are, however, peculiar 
contradictions in the actions of some cultivated plants. Upon our arrival at OUan- 
taytambo in early April the peach and cherry trees were in blossom, as well as bear- 
ing nearly ripe fruit, apparently making a brave attempt to combine spring and fall. 
The native mountain-side shrubs, however, did not blossom as a unit until October, 
when the giant cactus, Cereus, and herbs generally put forth their floral efforts. Some 
of the native plants, such as the golden-flowered Spanish broom and Stenolobium 
2787—21 2 



18 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

bushes, blossomed in April and May. During the dry months the nights were cold, 
often bitter, the days bright and fresh, accompanied by a strong daily breeze up the 
valley, lasting from noon until sunset. The mountain slopes which wall in the city 
of Ollantaytambo have a decidedly arid appearance, the scattered vegetation of cac- 
tus and stunted bushes being far from adequate to cover the brown rocks and soil. 
Bordering the stream is a scattered growth of willows, alders, cherry trees, Stenolo- 
bium, a saxifrage tree (Escallonia), Spanish broom, Baccharis bushes, «and others. 
Well above the valley the slopes and ridges support various grasses. 

Heller Expedition, April 25; July 20-August 14; November 7-12, 
1915; Chapman Expedition, July 5, 1916; 68 specimens of 27 species. 

Occobamba Pass (altitude 13,800 feet; camp, 12,500 feet, Puna 
Zone) . — The few specimens collected by Heller in this locality show, 
as might be expected, that it is in the Puna Zone. The species repre- 
sented include our only specimens of Thinocorus orbignyanus and 
Theristicus branicleii as well as examples of Oliloephaga melanoptera y 
Nettion oxypterum, Colaptes puna, Geossitta tenuirosiris , Phrygilus 
unicolor, etc. 

Heller's description of this station follows: 

We have applied the name Occobamba Pass to the pass leading from the head of 
the Ollantaytambo Valley to the Occobamba Valley. The Occobamba Pass is trav- 
ersed by a well-made road over which considerable traffic is carried annually. The 
pass lies some eight leagues north and above Ollantaytambo and has a summit altitude 
of 13,800 feet, by aneroid measurement. The rugged, mountainous character of most 
Andean passes is quite wanting here, and it is a great relief to find such a region as this, 
with gently sloping, rounded hills and wide shallow valleys. In the neighborhood of 
the pass the country has the appearance of a rolling prairie on a gigantic scale. 

The hills, when we visited the region in July, were covered by a thick growth of 
dried grass as far as the eye could see. No nude rock surfaces, no snow fields, no tree 
growths were visible; all was a rolling sea of brown grass. The climate is dry compared 
to the forested montana country farther north, but the pass receives considerably more 
rainfall than Ollantaytambo owing to its greater elevation and proximity to the summit 
ridges. During our stay in July the weather was very cold, the coldest we experienced 
in Peru. The nights were bitter cold, freezing the margins of running streams as well 
as vessels of water actually inside the tent. The mornings, though sunny, were cold, 
until 9 a. m., and the climate was bracing even at midday. Shrubs and conspicuous 
herbs were quite lacking here. The bushy growth bordering the stream ceases at 
12,500 feet altitude. Rock surfaces were seen in some of the higher tributary valley 
above the limits of vegetation, where a variety of formation of slates, shales, basalts, 
and granites were noted, but in the main valley disintegration had gone very far, all 
the hills being soil-covered, and supporting a growth of grass. In the neighborhood of 
villages, at altitudes of 11,000 to 13,000 feet, potato culture is extensively engaged in, 
the soil being rich black loam. Most of the valleys are, however, devoted to grazing 
herds of llamas, alpacas, sheep, horses, and mules. 

Heller Expedition, July 20, 21, 1915; 10 specimens of 12 species. 

Occobamba Valley (altitude, 9,100 feet, humid Temperate Zone). — 
One of Heller's stations above Ollantaytambo. The presence here 
of Grallaria rufvla obscura, Heliochera cristata, Diglossa personata 
melanopis, and Conirostrum cvaereum cinereum indicates that it is in 
the humid Temperate Zone, apparently at its lower margin. Heller's 
description of this locality follows: 



U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN 117 PL. 5 




Camp at Astillero Below Torontoy. 

Altitude 7,800 feet. Near the upper limit, on the canyon floor, of the Subtropical Zone. Photographed 

by Chapman, July 6, 1916. 




Urubamba River Above Santa Ana. 

Altitude about 3,600 feet. Arid Tropical Zone. Photographed by Chapman, July 17, 1916. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 19 

Well down in the Occobamba Valley, at a point where the forested country meets 
the grassy uplands, we established our camp, at a spot called Tocopoqueyu. The 
camp was pitched in one of the terraced fields on the west bank of the creek, at an 
altitude of 9,100 feet. During our sojourn here in July the weather was bright and 
warm during the day and cool at night, but seldom bitter or windy. The country has 
a peculiar physical aspect, owing to one side of the valley, the eastern, being clothed 
by a dense forest, and the opposite, or western, being the very antithesis; that is, 
grass-covered and dry in character. The forest edge is definitely bound by the stream 
margin, which is lined by a growth of alder and willow trees. The alders here form 
& considerable part of the forest, and such as are foimd growing at a distance from the 
stream have widespread crowns and a grayish appearance seldom seen in riverside 
trees. Other forest trees are Eugenias, or cloves, Escallonia3, and a large bay tree of 
the genus Myrica. Bamboo, as usual, forms a dense undergrowth in the forest. 

The direction and constancy of the prevailing winds here seem to offer an explana- 
tion for the extraordinary difference in vegetation on opposite sides of the valley. 
The moist breezes coming up the valley from the hot lower montafia country are mist- 
laden and confined to the eastern side, along which the mist hangs, leaving the western 
side open, sunny, and dry. The fauna partakes of this divided character also, the 
forested side being the haunts of such marsupials as Oriolestes, Peramys, the pygmy 
opossum, Didelphis, and many species of forest rodents. On the west side we find 
white-tailed deer, coyotes, skunks, and rodents peculiar to the grassy Andean Zone. 
The country rock is granite, cliffs of which are exposed for several miles on the western 
side. (PI. "2.) 

Heller Expedition, July 23-Aug. 2, 1915. 

Torontoy (altitude 8,000 feet, Subtropical Zone). — In descending 
the Urubamba Canyon the upper limit of the Subtropical Zone is 
encountered at Torontoy where the first evidences of forest aro seen. 
Cactus, acacia, and other xerophytic forms are replaced by begonias 
and bananas and plantains, and such typical subtropical birds as 
Thamno'philus melanocJirous , Henicorhina I. leucophrys and Myioborus 
m. melanoceplialus soon became common. The Chapman Expedition 
camped at Astillero a short distance below the settlement of Torontoy 
where the growth is more luxuriant than at Torontoy. (PI. 5.) 
Heller's observations are appended: 

At the entrance to the canyon of the Urubamba stands Torontoy, once an important 
Inca stronghold. To-day we find a collection of Quichua huts set in the unlovely 
environment of pig wallows, and the abiding places of mules, goats, chickens, dogs, and 
other domestic creatures. Fields of maize cling to the steep sidehills on both sides of 
the valley, and above these extend the grass-covered slopes on which the herds graze. 
The altitude at Torontoy is approximately 8,000 feet, and the climate is mild and 
pleasant. Part of the year, December to May, is rainy, but much of the time there is 
fine, dry weather, without the fog conditions which prevail on the higher forested 
ranges guarding the valley. The rock formation is largely granite of a light grayish 
color. Cliffs of this material are seen bordering the river at various places, but the 
greater part of the country is grass-covered or else forested. 

The Urubamba Valley at Torontoy is a deep V-shaped gorge some 3,000 or 4,000 
feet deep, narrowing into a canyon immediately below this point. The scenery 
throughout the district is bold and carried out on a grand scale. Beyond the conGning 
ridges of the valley occasional glimpses of snowy peaks, which mark the main Cordil- 
leras of the Andes, may be obtained. 



20 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

Growing at the river margin are alder and willow trees, forming a sort of border. 
The valley floor generally and the lower hillsides are bush-covered by the yellow- 
flowered Stenolobium, small Escallonia trees, pepper trees, giant cactus of the genus 
Cereus, tree-like Opuntia cactus, yuccas, and a host of peculiar floral forms. 

Heller Expedition, May, 1915; Chapman Expedition, July 10, 1916; 
90 specimens of 33 species. 

Above Torontoy (Altitude, 9,500-12,000 ft., humid Temperate 
Zone). — This region lies wholly within the humid Temperate Zone. 
It was visited by Heller largely in search of mammals, but the birds 
secured show its faunal affinities to be with those of Cedrobamba. 
Heller describes it as follows: 

The Urubamba Valley at Torontoy is unforested, but the mountain slopes of the 
eastern side far above the ancient villages are clothed by dense primeval forest to 
the limits of snow and glaciers. In this elevated forested region I established two 
camps, one at timber line on the steep mountain slope, at an altitude of 12,000 feet, 
and the other in the heart of the forest in a broad, level part of the creek valley, at 
10,500 feet elevation. The mountain side at timber line was so steep that it was 
found necessary to dig out a platform large enough for the foundation of the 8 by 10 
foot tent which I carried. The camp was pitched on a forested ridge, one side of 
which was bounded by a stream, and the other by a shallow ravine occupied by a 
grizzled glazier of small extent which terminated not far below. The nights were 
bitter cold, and when the sky was unclouded the ground at dawn was white with a 
heavy frost. The days as a rule were misty, but seldom rainy, the mist being of a 
dripping, saturating sort, quite as effective as rain. Early in the morning before the 
mists had rolled up as high as timber line, a magnificent view of the snow peak of 
Salcantay and the high ranges over which it dominates could be seen across the cloud- 
filled valley of the Urubamba. 

The forest vegetation of the timber-line area near camp was made up principally of 
three features; tall bamboo thickets, trees, and the shorter grassland of the Andean 
Zone. Acaena trees grew to immense size here, some of them being 8 feet in diameter. 
Much of the very highest forest was made up of small Gynoxys trees of uniform size 
and free from bamboo or undershrubs. The ground in these forests was carpeted by 
a heavy coat of elastic green moss into which we often sank ankle-deep, while the tree 
trunks and branches were festooned by loads of gray and black lichens. The rock 
formations in the immediate vicinity of camp were hidden by the vegetation, but the 
higher slopes above the limits of vegetation appeared to be dark gray slates in com- 
position. 

The central camp was established in the middle of a wide part of the valley of 
Torontoy Creek at 10,500 feet altitude at a place where the original trail-builders into 
this unknown forest had erected a temporary hut a few months previously. The 
stream ran beside the camp over a pebbly bed, limpid, cold and almost tranquil. 
On all sides the forest spread completely filling the valley and ascending the steep 
slopes to the lower limits of snowfields at the summit. The trees in character differed 
somewhat from those at timber line, the number of species being considerably greater 
and the undergrowth of bushes and bamboo much more luxuriant. The ground moss 
and open character of the upper forest was quite wanting. The climate was milder. 
At night it was cool, but no frost occurred. 

Heller Expedition, May, 1915; 47 specimens of 24 species. 

San Miguel Bridge (altitude, 6,000 feet, Subtropical Zone). — An 
important collecting station for both the Heller and Chapman ex- 
peditions. The river bottom here lies at the lower border of the 



U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



BULLETIN 117 PL. 




Forest in Bottom of the Urubamba Canyon Above San Miguel Bridge. 
Altitude about 6,200 feet. Subtropical Zone. Photographed by Chapman, July L9, L916. 



U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN 117 PL. 7 




BIRD LIFE IN THE UEUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 21 

Subtropical Zone, and a short distance below the bridge one passes 
into the arid Tropical Zone. Above the bridge and for the greater 
part of the way to Torontoy, the mountain slopes, and favorable 
places at the bottom of the canyon are covered with a highly de- 
veloped, luxuriant cloud forest, the home of such characteristic 
species of the humid subtropics as Pharomachrus auriceps and 
Rujricola p. 'peruviana. (PL 6.) 

Mr. Heller's description of this locality is appended: 

Immediately below Machu Picchu, on the floor of the valley, is the Bridge of San 
Miguel, over which passes all the traffic between Cuzco and the lower part of the valley. 
At this point the walls of the valley rise perpendicularly for 3,000 or 4,000 feet, and in 
some places, such as opposite the base of Machu Picchu, the walls are 5,000 feet high. 
The stream margin of the waters for a short distance above the bridge is bordered by 
wide, gravelly bars and forest-grown flats of river alluvium. The bridge stands at 
6,000 feet altitude and enjoys a singularly mild and equable climate. The nights are 
delightfully cool and the days are semitropical. Much of the canyon at this point is 
shaded from the direct rays of the sun part of each day by towering cliffs which rise 
vertically from the floor. A great variety of tree growth occurs along the stream and 
the sides of the valley where talus slopes offer a foot-hold for vegetation. The largest 
of the trees is one of the Leguminosae of the genus Erythrina which bears a profusion of 
carmine flowers. This tree is found scattered through the forest bordering the river ; 
its great swollen trunk and wide-spread crown giving it a peculiarly distinct appear- 
ance. Upon talus slopes and new ground generally grow clumps of the graceful 
trumpet-trees, Cecrovia, the drooping, lobed, peltate leaves giving them a graceful 
distinction. Killer figs, with strangling limbs and roots fastened to the wall of cliffs 
or growing as epiphytes on the trunks of other trees, rear themselves in every available 
nook. A common riverside tree is the pacay, bearing spherical heads of flowers which 
are a favorite source of food for hummingbirds. Small ferns of many kinds abound in 
the shade of other trees. Both bamboo and palms are wanting in the immediate 
neighborhood of San Miguel Bridge. The common trees bordering the stream or 
growing on the alluvial flats were willows and alders. (PI. 7.) 

Heller Expedition, June 17-July 10, 1915; Chapman Expedition, 
July 7, IS, 19, 1916; 269 specimens of 74 species. 

Cedrobamba (altitude 12,000 feet, junction of humid Temperate 
and Puna Zones). — Although Heller collected only 54 specimens at 
and near Cedrobamba they form, from a faunal standpoint, the most 
important part of the entire Urubamba collection. Of the 30 species 
represented, 18 were not found elsewhere, while 8 of the remaining 
12 were found only in the Occobamba Valley or abo^e Torontoy, 
localities which evidently lie in the zone (humid Temperate) which 
finds its upper limit at Cedrobamba. (PL 8.) 

Heller's description of this locality is appended: 

The high and narrow ridge upon which the ancient city of Machu Picchu is situated 
rises in a series of undulations to the southward, the first wave being the peak of 
Machu Picchu, a second Ccorihuayrachina, and the third in a northerly direction the 
ridge on which stand the ruins of Cedrobamba. The camp at Cedrobamba, which 
had an altitude of 12,000 feet, was placed a hundred feet below the ruins at the head 
of one of the tributaries of the Rio Acobamba, a rushing mountain torrent which adds 
its waters to the Urubamba a mile below San Miguel Bridge. Cedrobamba is situated 



22 



BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



s£ 



it 




8 « 



exactly on the parting of the great forest of the Amazonian Basin and the grassland of 
the Andean pampa region. The forest at this place stops as abruptly as if cut by a 

knife, quite as sharply as a hedge row on the borders 
of a lawn; long tongues of forests in places, however, 
follow up the creek margins or ascend favorite slopes 
to a thousand feet beyond the general forest limits. 
There is no dwarfing of trees or diminution in their 
numbers on the borders. A variety of trees grew at the 
timber-line edge. There were shaggy barked Acaena 
ochreata trees with drooping masses of gray-green foli- 
age, small, 'erect Gynoxys trees with their dome-shaped 
crowns adorned by golden composite blossoms, a white- 
barked Melastomataceous tree of the genus Miconia 
towered above all with its spidery branches spreading 
in every direction. A small, stout-trunked fern, an 
arborescent Lomaria, was a constant feature of the 
forest edge. Bamboo grass (Chusquea quila) in some 
places intertwined its light green stalks with the 
trees, but it was chiefly along the borders of streams 
and on swampy soil that it nourished. Mosses and 
lichens of many colors and sorts smothered the tree 
trunks and branches, making them in appearance 
many times their actual size. The gray-beard lichen 
was the prevalent one on the terminal parts of the 
branches, and another, a deep black species, confined 
its affections to the trunks and larger branches. Be- 
yond the forest a luxuriant growth of grass covered the 
mountain slopes, mingled with which, but in close 
proximity, were small huckleberry bushes, Baccharis 
bushes and a few tall herbs. Cedrobamba climati- 
cally was damp and cold. It was at the edge of a 
more or less permanent fog bank, the limits of which 
seemed to coincide with that of the forest. 

Rain in great quatities apparently does not fall here, 
but the region is constantly bathed in cold mists. 
The nights are cold but seldom bitter, the daily ex- 
tremes of temperature being considerably less than 
in the drier region farther inland of equal elevation. 

Heller Expedition, May 23-June 15, 1915; 
54 specimens of 30 species. 

Santa Ana (altitude 3,480 feet, arid Tropi- 
cal Zone). — The valley of Santa Ana is a 
semi-arid tropical pocket shut off from the 
heavy rainfall of the true Amazonian region 
by the range of the Andes which lies to the 
eastward of it. Bowman ° presents a dia- 
gram (here reproduced) of the climate of 
the eastern slope of the Andes and writing 
of Santa Ana says: 

It will be seen that the front range of the mountains 
is high enou gh to shut off a great deal of rainfall . The 



5 w 

O £ 



i 



» The Andes of Southern Peru, p. 79. 



U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN 117 PL. 




TlMBERLINE NEAR CEDROBAMBA. 

Altitude about 12, .300 feet. Junction of humid Temperate and Puna Zones. Photographed by Bingham, 

May 11, 1915. 




Forests Near Cedrobamba. 
Altitude about L2,000feet. Humid Temperate Zone. Photographed by Bingham, May 12, 1915. 



U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 



BULLETIN 117 PL. 9 




Chauillay Bridge Over the Urubamba River. 

Altitude 3,700 feet. Arid Tropical Zone. Photographed by Chapman, July 9, 1916. 




Santa Ana Valley, Lower Urubamba Valley. 

Utitude 3,500feet. Arid Tropica] Zone. Photographed by Chapman. Jr., July 16, 1916. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 23 

lower hills and ridges just within the front range are relatively dry. The deep val- 
leys are much drier. Each broad expansion of a deep valley is therefore a dry 
pocket. Into it the sun pours even when all the surrounding Mils are wrapped in 
cloud. The greater number of hours of sunshine hastens the rate of evaporation and 
still further increases the dryness. 

The influence of the local climate upon tree-growth is striking. Every few days, 
even in the relatively dry winter season, clouds gather about the hills and there are 
local showers. The lower limit of the zone of clouds is sharply marked and both at 
Santa Ana and Echarati it is strikingly constant in elevation — about five thousand 
feet above sea level. From the upper mountains the forest descends, with only small 
patches of glade and prairie. At the lower edge of the cloud zone it stops abruptly 
on the warmer and drier slopes that face the afternoon sun and continues on the 
moister slopes that face the forenoon sun or that slope away from the sun. 

It may be added that this cloud forest, which so strongly charac- 
terizes the Subtropical Zone, descends in drainage areas considerably 
below the 5,000-foot level — a condition clearly illustrated by a pho- 
tograph of the western slope of the Central Andos of Colombia pub- 
lished in my Distribution of Bird Life in Colombia. 10 The climate 
of the Cauca Valley, it may further be said, is due in a large measure 
to the causes which create semi-aridity at Santa Ana. 

Santa Ana is historic in the annals of Urubamba ornithology. 
Formerly the site of a Jesuit Mission it is now a hacienda devoted 
to the production of sugar cane and coca where the unbounded hos- 
pitality of the proprietor, Senor Duque, the delightful climate, the 
ease with which adjoining areas may be reached have induced prac- 
tically all the naturalists and explorers who have visited this region 
to make it, for a time, their headquarters. 

Kalinowski collected here at intervals from June to December, 
1894, securing, according to Berlepsch and Stolzmann 11 , examples 
of 56 species. Various members of the Yale University-National 
Geographic Society Expedition also stopped at Santa Ana, including 
Heller, whose notes on the region are here appended: 

The valley at Santa Ana is particularly wide, fully a league, and the confining slopes 
are gentle, although they rise to considerable heights and give the valley a deep effect. 
Owing to the great width of the valley, and the distant position of the 6ummit ridges, 
the rain clouds do not collect at this point but pass on and hang themselves to the 
higher slopes beyond. While we were at Santa Ana in October, the days were bright 
and clear, but not far distant could be seen the rain clouds and storms in progress and 
occasionally the thunder reached our ears. The valley floor is covered by a black 
humus soil, and devoted largely to coca culture, but cane fields are numerous, and, 
at certain seasons, maize also. The valley slopes show a red soil where they are not 
grass-covered. Bordering the river are groves of the graceful algaroba trees, the timber 
of which has been used in the construction of the hacienda buildings which were 
originally designed for the purpose of a mission station. Cecropia and Erythrina trees 
border the creeks and fields, but the landscape generally has a highly artificial and 
denuded aspect. The altitude is 3,480 feet, but owing to the dryness at this particular 
point, the climate is cooler than usual at so low an elevation, corresponding to that of 
San Miguel Bridge, which has an altitude almost twice as great. The manager of the 

io Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 36, 1917, pi. 27. " Ornis, 1906, pp. 73-102. 



24 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

hacienda, Don Carlos Duque, informed me that as late as twenty years ago several 
species of large currasows, guans, parrots, tinamous, and other tropical birds, were 
to be found in the scrubby or bush country in the vicinity, but that constant shooting 
by villagers had exterminated them. (PI. 9.) 

Heller Expedition, October 25, 1915; Chapman Expedition, July 
11-14, 1916; 116 specimens of 37 species. 

Idma (altitude 5,000 feet, Subtropical Zone). — The hacienda of 
Idma, some 9 miles southwest of Santa Ana and 1,500 feet above it 
is in the humid subtropics. Traces of forest first appear at an eleva- 
tion of 4,200 feet, but the floor of the valley has long been deforested 
and is largely devoted to the growing of sugar cane. The steeply 
ascending mountains are heavily wooded from the valley to their 
summits, and a short distance above the hacienda, where our camp 
was made, the country is everywhere forested. The fauna is typically 
subtropical and closely resembles that of the Urubamba Canyon 
above San Miguel Bridge. Kalinowski collected at Idma chiefly in 
July, August, October, and November, 1894, securing representa- 
tives of 75 species. 12 

Mr. Heller's notes on Idma follow: 

Idma is without doubt one of the rainiest places in all Peru. There is scarcely a 
day throughout the whole year in which some rain does not fall at this spot. Such 
conditions, however, are very local and due largely to the high forested ranges which 
overhang the hacienda of Idma. A league or two lower down the valley, toward 
Santa Ana, the sun holds sway half of the year at least part of each day. The un- 
fortunate inhabitants of Idma have daily vistas of sunshine lower down the valley 
through the very raindrops that give this place its distinction. The altitude at 
the hacienda is 5,000 feet. The temperature is seldom disagreeably warm in the day- 
time and at night it is comfortably cool so the climate, barring its wetness, may be 
described as delightfully semitropical. 

Originally the slopes and floor of the valley were occupied by a heavy forest which 
was removed centuries ago by the Incas. Within a stone's throw of the cultivated 
fields above the hacienda the dark primeval forest sweeps down from the range above 
and beyond. Idma is a cultivated nook of valley projecting into the great forest and 
maintained only by constant strife with the forces of nature. 

Heller Expedition, October 10-23, 1915; Chapman Expedition, 
July 11-14, 1916; 239 specimens of 72 species. 

Rio San Miguel (altitude 4,400 feet, humid Tropical Zone). — One 
of Heller's collecting stations at the upper margin of the humid 
Tropical Zone. It is described by him as follows: 

Our introduction to the lowland forest of the Amazon basin took place at San Fer- 
nando, which is situated on the upper borders in the hill country at the foot of the 
Andean cordillera. The geographical position of this spot is some ten leagues north- 
west of the village of Lucma from which it is separated by a high, cold spur of the 
Andes in which the headwaters of the Rio Cosireni take their rise. San Fernando is 
situated well down in the drainage area of this river at 4,400 feet altitude in the valley 
of a tributary stream, the Rio San Miguel, a few miles above its junction with the Rio 
Pampaconas. The spot to which the name San Fernando is attached is marked by a 
single hut in the neighborhood of which sugar cane, cassava, coffee, ground nuts, pine- 

» Onns, 1913, pp. 73-102. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE TJRUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 25 

apples, bananaa, and a few other tropical fruits are grown by the Mestizo family which 
make this place their home. At this point the valley of the San Miguel is wide, level, 
and densely forested. 

The climate has the delightful balmy qualities of that of San Miguel Bridge and 
Huadquina, combined with a somewhat greater degree of heat and much more 
humidity. On bright days the weather is really hot but the sky as a rule is overcast 
part of each day. During our visit in October, rain fell almost every night for a few 
hours, usually in the form of a thunder shower. 

The tree growth fills the whole valley from the floor to the summits of the confining 
ridges. The forest is of a mixed character, the number of tree species being large, but 
the different species are everywhere scattered so universally that there is really no 
marked uniformity in the general appearance of the woodland. I recognized in this 
forest several species of trumpet trees, figs, tree ferns, small palms, cedros, etc. 
Traveling, as a rule, was not difficult through the forest, except near streams where the 
trees were bound together by giant vines and creepers. 

The chief avenue of exploration in this region, however, was the road cut by the 
rubber gatherers for the transport of the rubber from Yuvini to Lucma, and then to 
Cuzco. This road was cut some 20 yards in width through the forest and followed 
the level floor of the valley wherever practical. Travel along this wide rock-free 
thoroughfare was a never-ending source of delight after the months of hardships and 
conflict with the rock-strewn trails of the higher Andes. 

Heller Expedition, September 29-October 6, 1915; 33 specimens 
of 31 species. 

Yuvini, near Rio Cosireni (altitude 3,000 feet, humid Tropical 
Zone). — The Rio Cosireni enters the Urubamba from the southwest 
some 65 miles in an air-line north by west from Santa Ana. This 
was one of Heller's two stations in the humid Tropical Zone. Speci- 
mens from it are listed under "Rio Cosireni." Heller writes: 

Journeying from the village of Lucma northward over the high ridges which bound 
the Vilcabamba Valley, we drop down at the end of a day's travel into the watershed 
of the Cosireni River. Following down one of the head streams, the San Miguel, we 
come to its junction with the Pampaconas River, from which point the Cosireni proper 
has its origin through the united waters of these two large affluents. Some 6 leagues 
beyond, farther down the Cosireni, we come to the rubber station of Yuvini, estab- 
lished and managed by a Dane, Alvin Berg. The thatched huts of the station stand 
on a plateau a few hundred feet above the river, and well back from its margin, for 
the valley here has a width of a league or more. Flowing past the station and sup- 
plying it with water, is a small stream, the Yuvini, which meanders on to its union 
with the Cosireni 2 miles beyond. 

The geographical position of Yuvini is 10 leagues north of Lucma, or more correctly 
west of north of that place, but by the road it is some 20 leagues, or 3 days' travel 
by pack train. Yuvini has an altitude of 3,000 feet. At this elevation, the climate 
is tropical and humid, but the heat here has seldom the oppressive quality which is 
encountered 1,500 feet lower down the valley. 

During our 3 weeks' sojourn here in August and early September, part of each day 
was overcast by rain squalls and thunder showers of short duration. The air at mid- 
day was heavy with moisture, and rain fell at frequent short intervals interspersed by 
bright intense sunshine. Berg, who had been a resident for 15 years, informed me 
that this was the usual sort of weather, and that even during the height of the rainy 
season, some months later, there was seldom a day without some sunshine. 

When we arrived in mid-August, the river was clear and low but frequently it 
became a dark brown flood, and rose rapidly in volume owing to heavy rains in its 
upper watershed. The suddenness of the rise of such floods and their short duration 



26 BULLETIN" 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

spoke eloquently of the brevity of the watershed. June and July are said to be the 
really dry months, when continuous sunshine is the rule. At midday the heat is 
often intense, but the nights are seldom uncomfortable or hot. Malaria is rare at this 
particular spot, but this is owing to the absence of mosquitoes, due to the good drain- 
age of the land. From Yuvini you look out upon a wide valley bounded at some 
distance by gently rounded hills, the whole landscape forest covered without a cliff 
or rock showing. 

Heller Expedition, September 7-13; 18-20; 28,1915; 46 specimens 
of 33 species. 

Rio Comberciato (altitude 1,800-2,000 feet, humid Tropical Zone). — 
The Rio Comberciato enters the Urubamba from the northwest some 
70 miles west by north of Santa Ana. This was the second of Heller's 
two stations in the humid Tropical Zone. The collections from this 
point and the Rio Cosireni (the second tropical station) represent 
only a small portion of the existing fauna, but are sufficient to show 
the zonal affinities of the region. Mr. Heller's notes follow: 

Parallelling the Cosireni River in a general way, but lying a few leagues farther 
north is the Comberciato River which enters the Urubamba at its great bend. The 
Comberciato has twice the volume of the Cosireni and is much less rapid. The valley 
through which this stream flows is much deeper and narrower, however, than that of 
its neighbor, but the river is a series of broad, quiet expanses separated by low, short 
rapids free of projecting bowlders. The forest covers the whole landscape without 
any interruptions due to barren rock surfaces or other causes. The hillsides are soil 
covered like the valley floor. 

The lower course of the river where the Yuvini road drops down into the valley, 
has an altitude of 1,800 feet and this level is maintained for several leagues as we 
ascend the river. Our highest point on the river was a station called Arroyo at which 
point a wire cable has been erected by the rubber gatherers for passing their cargoes 
of rubber. This point is about 4 leagues up the river at the termination of the road 
and has an altitude of 2,000 feet. Climatically the valley is much warmer than the 
Yuvini District, owing to its lesser elevation. 

At nights there is a continuation of the heat, but little less than in the shade at 
midday. The river playas or beaches are extensive and wide, the older ones being 
covered by a growth of tall, spiny bamboo and the newer beaches by glistening white 
pebbles. A few species of trees occur here which are not found at Yuvini, but the 
country in general is quite identical to the Cosireni Valley. 

Heller Expedition, September 4-6; 13-15; 21-25, 1915. 
LIFE ZONES OF THE URUBAMBA VALLEY. 

My reconnaissance in the Urubamba Valley and subsequent study 
of our collections from it have had for their object the determination 
of the life zones of this section of the Andes and comparison of them 
with those which we have found to exist in Colombia. 

Field experience in the last-named country enabled me to make 
this comparison in part in the field, while Heller's excellent descrip- 
tions of the district visited by him, which I saw only at a distance 
or did not reach at all, in connection with fairly representative col- 
lections, permit me to present at least a provisional report on the 
subject under consideration. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 27 

In general it may be said that the Tropical, Subtropical, and 
Temperate Zones of the Urubamba district are essentially the Trop- 
ical, Subtropical, and Temperate Zones of Colombia; the same 
altitudinal boundaries and many of the same species being common 
to both regions. When, however, we compare the Paramo or Puna 
Zone of the two countries the area occupied by this zone in Peru is 
so much larger and its distance from the region whence its fauna was 
presumably derived is so much shorter, that there is a marked 
difference in the character of its fauna as will be shown beyond. 

TROPICAL ZONE. 

The Tropical Zone is represented in the Urubamba Valley in both 
its humid and arid phases. The former, characterized by heavy rain- 
fall and consequently luxuriant forest growth, ascends the valley to 
the vicinity of Echarati, some 30 miles below Santa Ana. The 
latter, distinguished by lower rainfall and a xerophytic vegetation 
of which acacias and cacti are prevailing types, extends up the floor 
of the valley to about San Miguel Bridge (altitude 6,000 feet), or the 
lower border of the forests of the Subtropical Zone. 

Our stations in the humid Tropical Zone were Rio Cosireni (alti- 
tude 3,000 feet) and Rio Comberciato (altitude 1,800-2,000 feet). 
These were visited only by Heller who secured, as elsewhere men- 
tioned, 74 specimens of 58 species of which 42, not found elsewhere, 
are characteristic of the humid tropics. This number includes such 
typical tropical forms as Tinamus major ruficeps, Crypturus soui, 
Penelope jaquacu, Eurypyaa major meridionalis, Capito auratus 
insperatus, Monasa morphoeus peruana, CepTialopterus ornatus, 
Ostinops decumanus maculosus, etc. While the number of species 
secured obviously represents only a small part of the existing avi- 
fauna, it is sufficient to determine its faunal attributes. 

It may also be remarked in passing that this small collection 
illustrates the uniformity of Tropical Zone life where essentially 
similar conditions exist, all of the genera and 30 of the 42 character- 
istic species it contains being found in Colombia. 

Our only station in the arid Tropical Zone was Santa Ana, where 
the hospitality of Senor Duque, rather than the attractions of the 
fauna, evidently induced Kalinowski as well as the representatives 
of the Yale University-National Geographic Society to make their 
headquarters. The Santa Ana Valley is a typical arid pocket such 
as is found in many places in the Tropical Zone. Though com- 
pletely isolated from one another, often by wide areas of the humid 
Tropical Zone, certain species are common to them all, and, as a 
rule, slight differentiation from type is exhibited. Several sub- 
species have been described from the Santa Ana Valley, though I 
do not know that they are restricted to it, but only one species 
(TJiamnopJiilus melanodirous) appears to be peculiar to this district. 



28 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

The statement of Carlos Duque, quoted by Heller, shows that the 
settlement of the Santa Ana Valley has been followed by the dis- 
appearance of certain species hunted for their flesh, but it is not 
probable that any very marked change in the fauna has occurred. 
The rainfall is too small to have produced a forest and crops are grown 
successfully only under irrigation. 

The 66 species recorded from the Santa Ana Valley probably, 
therefore, fairly represent the original fauna. Of this number, 38, 
or more than half, are of general distribution throughout Tropical 
America. Of the remaining 28, no less than 19 are of Brazilian 
origin. Some of these birds, as Noiliura maculosa, Bucco chacuru, 
and Euscarthmus margaritaceiventer,* extend southward to Paraguay 
and are unknown north of the Amazon, while eight of them range 
eastward and northward to Guiana. These are: Hoploxypterus 
cay anus, Ciccaba Jiuhula, Eupetomena macroura Jiirundo (subspecies. 
Peruvian), Elaenia cristaia, Sublegatus fasciatus, Myiarchus pelzelni,, 
Alopoclielidon fucata, Coryphospingus cucullatus. None of these, it is 
interesting to note, has been recorded from Colombia. There are 
also several species like Elaenia gigas } Sporophila obscura and Piranga 
tesiacea which do not range far from the base of the Andes, but the 
distinctive avifauna of the arid Tropical Zone of the Santa Ana 
Valley has evidently been derived through western Brazil and it. 
contains both southern and northern elements. 

-DISTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF ARID TROPICAL ZONE BIRDS. 

Crypturus parvirostris Southeastern and central Brazil. 

Noihura maculosa peruviana Southern Brazil to Uruguay; subspecies Peru.. 

Columba rufina rufina Tropical South America. 

Zenaida auriculata pallens Southern South America; subspecies Pacific 

coast to Colombia. 

Chamaepelia minuta minuta Tropical South America. 

Leptotila ochroptera ochroptera Southern and eastern Brazil. 

Creciscus viridis facialis Tropical South America; subspecies Peru. 

Hoploxypterus cay anus Southern Brazil to Guiana. 

Helodromas solitarius North American migrant. 

Phalacrocorax vigua vigua South America generally. 

Cathartes atrata South America generally. 

Caiharista urubu South America generally. 

Parabuteo unicinctus unicinctus South America generally. 

Cerchneis sparveria, subspecies South America generally. 

Otus choliba South America generally. 

Ciccaba huhula Brazil to Guiana. 

Tyto perlata, subspecies South America generally. 

Ceryle americana Tropical America generally. 

Streptoprocne z. zonaris South America generally. 

Eupetomena macroura hirundo Brazil to Guiana; subspecies Peru; Bolivia. 

Chlorostilbon prasinus daphne Tropical South America; subspecies Peru^ta 

Colombia. 
Piaya cay ana obscura Tropical America; subspecies [Peru, Bolivia* 

western Brazil. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 29 

Tapera naevia Tropical South America. 

Crotophaga ani Tropical America. 

Bucco chacuru Brazil to Paraguay. 

Ceophloeus lineatus Tropical South America. 

Veniliornis haematostigma hilar is Bolivia, western Brazil; subspecies Peru. 

Thamnopkilus mdanochrous Santa Ana region. 

ThamnopMlus radiatus subradiatus Tropical South America; subspecies Peru, 

western Brazil. 

Dysithamnus olivaceus Tropical South America. 

Microrhopias rufa rufater To Bahia, Brazil; subspecies Peru, Bolivia 

Cercomacra tyrannina approximans Tropical America; subspecies Peru, Ecuador, 

Bolivia, central Brazil. 

Synallaxis hypospodia To Bahia, Brazil. 

Muscisaxicola fluviatilis Peru to Colombia. 

Todirostrum cinereum cinereum Tropical America. 

Euscarthmus margaritaceiventer rufipes . Central Brazil to Paraguay; subspecies Peru. 

Myiosympotes acutipenms Colombia to Bolivia. 

Elaen ia flavogaster. Tropical America. 

Elaenia gigas Colombia to Peru. 

Elacnia cristata Brazil to Guiana and Venezuela, Ecuador, 

Bolivia, central Brazil. 

Myiopagis viridicata Tropical South America. 

Sublegatus f. fasciatus Argentina to Guiana. 

Myiozetetes cayennensis Tropical South America. 

Myiobius fasciatus saturatus Tropical South America; subspecies Peru. 

Empidonax trailli alnorum North American migrant. 

Myiarchus tyrannulus chlorepiscius Tropical South America; subspecies Peru to 

Argentina. 

Myiarchus pelzelni Brazil to Guiana. 

Tyrannus m. melancholicus South America generally. 

Stelgidopteryx r. ruficollis Tropical South America; subspecies eastern 

Colombia to Paraguay. 

Alopochelidon fucata Argentina to Guiana. 

Troglodytes musculus audax South America generally; subspecies Peru. 

Vireosylva c. chivi Tropical South America. 

Compsothlypis pitiayumi elegant Tropical America; subspecies Peru to Venezuela. 

Geothlypis aequinoctialis cucullata. . . .Brazil to Argentina. 

Sporophila gutluralis inconspicua . .. .Tropical South America; subspecies Peru. 

Sporophila obscura Ecuador to northern Argentina. 

Volatinia jacarini jacarini Tropical America; subspecies Peru, Bolivia, 

Brazil. 
My ospiza aur if rons peruana Colombia, Peru, western Brazil; subspecies 

Peru. 

Coryphospingus cucullatus Paraguay to Guiana. 

Tanagra laniirostris peruviana Western Brazil, Bolivia; subspecies Peru. 

Thraupis episcopuj> major Tropical South America; subspecies Peru. 

Thraujns palmarum melanoptera Western Tropical America. 

Iiamphocelus carbo connectens Tropical South America; subspecies Peru, 

western Brazil. 
Piranga testacea tschudi Central America, western South America; sub- 
species Peru. 

Tachyphonus rufus Tropical America. 

SchistocJilamys atra olivina Tropical South America; subspecies Peru, 

western Brazil. 



30 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

SUBTROPICAL ZONE. 

The remarkable stratum of life which lies approximately between 
the elevations of 5,000 and 9,000 feet on the eastern slope of the 
Andes and extends from Bolivia to Venezuela makes a fold or loop 
up the Urubamba Valley. In the lower valley its inferior limits 
merge with the upper border of the humid Tropical Zone in one un- 
broken sweep of forest; at Santa Ana they are coextensive with the 
cloud belt below which grassy, treeless slopes reach to the floor of 
the tropical valley, while from a short distance above San Miguel 
Bridge (altitude 6,000 feet), at the foot of Machu Picchu, almost to 
Torontoy, the forests of the Subtropical Zone reach the shores of the 
river, whence, in places, they extend upward to merge with those of 
the humid Temperate Zone. 

Above Santa Ana the Subtropical Zone is first encountered on the 
Western side of the valley at Idma, and from this point forest extends 
into the Temperate Zone. 

Birds have been collected in the Subtropical Zone of the Urubamba 
Valley only at Idma and in the Machu Picchu district. From these 
localities 105 species have been secured which may be considered as 
zonally representative. Comparison of the results of our work with 
those of Kalinowski's indicates that this number fairly represents the 
fauna. It does not, however, fairly represent the fauna of the Sub- 
tropical Zone of Peru, since in Colombia we obtained 230 species 
which were distinctively subtropical. The data at hand, therefore, 
do not warrant a comparison of the bird life of the Subtropical Zone 
in Peru and Colombia, but they do show the remarkable uniformity 
of the life of that zone, a fact to which I have previously called 
attention. 13 Thus, of 77 genera secured by us in the Subtropical 
Zone of the Urubamba Valley, no less than 74 also occur in this zone 
in Colombia; the genera Knipolegus, Phylloscartes, and TMypopsis 
being the only ones absent from Colombia. Of the 104 Urubamba 
species contained in these genera, 57 are common both to Peru and 
Colombia. 

TEMPERATE ZONE. 

The Temperate Zone has both a humid and an arid section. The 
former is found on the more easterly ranges of the Andes, on which 
are condensed the moisture-bearing winds from the Atlantic. Here 
well-developed forest reaches an average altitude of 12,500 feet. 
Above this altitude lies the Puna. The line between the two may 
be abrupt or the two may merge by an upward extension of bushy- 
grown areas, the latter forming the arid portion of the Temperate 
Zone. Heller writes that the forest at Cedrobamba (altitude 12 ; 500 
feet) " stops as abruptly as if cut by a knife" and is succeeded by the 
grassland of the Puna. 

" Ball. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 36, 1917, p. 135. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 31 

At other localities, notably inner valleys with comparatively low 
rainfall, the Temperate Zone is characterized by a scrubby vegeta- 
tion restricted largely to the borders of streams, up which the arid 
portion of the zone extends finger-like projections well into the Puna 
Zone. 

Conditions of this kind can be understood only by one who has 
observed them in the field. They can not be expressed by the most 
careful labeling of specimens. A collection from Ttica-Ttica (alti- 
tude 11,900 feet), for example, contains a mixture of forms apparently 
not susceptible of zonal interpretation. With such characteristic 
species of the Puna as Upucerthia 'pallida, Geositta tenuirostris, Agri- 
ornis solitaria insolens, Muscisaxicola rufivertex, etc., there are pre- 
sumably associated Anaeretes flavirostri-s, Serpophaga cinerea, Elaenia 
albiceps, Saltator albociliaris, Diglossa brunneiventris, etc., but in the 
field it was found that the first group was largely restricted to the 
grassy slopes, while the second was found only in the narrow fringe 
of bushes at the borders of streams. 

The collection from Cedrobamba contains a similarly confusing 
assemblage of Temperate and Puna Zone forms, the occurrence of 
which within a restricted area is explained by Heller's description of 
the striking conditions which exist at that locality. The upper limit 
of the Temperate Zone, therefore, coincides with the upper limit of 
tree or bush growth, and this may often be at a higher altitude than 
the lower limit of the succeeding or Puna Zone. 

On the eastern slopes of the Andes the lower limits of the Temper- 
ate Zone correspond with the upper limits of the Subtropical Zone, 
and although forest may stretch continuously from timberline to 
the Amazonian plains, the limit between the two zones is here uni- 
formly about 9,000 feet. Where, however, lack of rain prevents the 
development of the forest which so strongly distinguishes the Subtrop- 
ical Zone, the Temperate Zone in its arid phase may descend much 
lower. In the Urubamba Valley it reaches Torontoy at 8,000 feet 
and on the treeless Pacific slope of the Andes it actually descends 
to sea level. The influence exerted by the Humboldt current must, 
however, be taken into consideration here, an inquiry which would 
lead us far beyond the scope of this paper. 

The assemblage of species characterizing the Temperate Zone is 
intensely interesting. Being either tree or bush inhabiting, it is 
clear that they must have had their geographic "origin in tree or bush- 
grown regions. The humid South Temperate Zone is separated from 
the district under consideration by 1.500 miles of treeless country, 
which has proved an effective barrier to the northward extension of 
the forest-inhabiting species of southern Chile. 14 

u Scijtalopus is an exception: but it is not improbable that Scytalopus originated in the mountains of 
southeastern Brazil where its present isolation from the Andean forms is paralleled among trees by AraW 
carta. 



32 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

It seems evident, therefore, that the avifauna of the Temperate 
Zone can have originated only in the forested regions lying below 
it, and in its parrots, humming birds, toucans, trogons, flycatchers, 
tanagers, and honey creepers it is evident that we have the highly 
differentiated descendants of tropical forms. 

The area occupied by the Temperate Zone is by no means so large 
as that of the Subtropical Zone and the number of species inhabiting 
it is correspondingly small. But analysis shows that the bird life 
of the Temperate Zone is more distinct than that of any other zone. 

Of the species known from the Urubamba region 70 may be 
accredited to the Temperate Zone. Of these, seven are wide-ranging 
species i not zonally characteristic. Examples are Falco fusco- 
cserulescens, Tyto perlata, Serpophaga cinerea. The remaining 63 
species represent 44 genera of which 4 genera are of general dis- 
tribution, 8 Tropical, 1 Andean and southeast Brazil, 1 Andean Tem- 
perate and South Temperate, 2 Subtropical and Temperate, while 
28 of these genera, or nearly two-thirds the total number, are 
restricted to the Andean Temperate Zone. 

Of the 63 characteristic species which we collected, no less than 56 
are Andean Temperate, 7 are Subtropical and Temperate, while 
6 of the latter are represented in the Temperate Zone by subspecies 
which are peculiar to it. 

This remarkable degree of specialization becomes even more note- 
worthy when the avifauna of the Temperate Zone is compared with 
that of the Puna Zone. Comment on it may, therefore, be preceded 
by consideration of Puna Zone bird life. 

DISTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATE ZONE BIRDS. 

Columba albipennis Genus cosmopolitan; species Temperate Zone. 

Columba albilinea Genus cosmopolitan; species Subtropical and 

Temperate Zones. 

Merganetta leucogenys Temperate Zone, genus and species. 

Aratinga mitrata alticola Genus Tropical; subspecies Temperate. 

Amoropsittaca andicola Genus Tropical; species Temperate. 

Thermochalcis ruficervix Genus Tropical; species Temperate. 

Micropus parvulus Genus cosmopolitan; species Temperate. 

Micropus montivagans Genus cosmopolitan; species Subtropical and 

Temperate Zones. 

Aglaeactis castelnaudi Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Heliangelus amethysticollis Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Metallura s. smaragdinicoll'cs Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Oreonympha nobilis Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Chalcostigma stanleyi vulcani Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Chalcostigma olivaceum Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Psalidoprymna nuna Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Scylalopus acutirostris Genus Andean, southeast Brazil; species Tem- 
perate Zone. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 33 

Scytalojms, species Genus Andean, southeast Brazil; species Tem- 
perate Zone. 

Grallaria erythroleuca Genus Tropical ; species Temperate Zone. 

Hylopezus rufula obscure, Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Schizoeaca palpebralis Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Margarornis perlata Genus Subtropical and Temperate ; species 

Temperate Zone. 

Ochthoeca fumicolor berlepschi Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Ochtkoeca leucophrys leucometopa Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Ochthoeca frontalis spodionota Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Ochthoeca lessoni tectricialis Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Ochthoeca thoracica Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Mecocerculus leucophrys setophagoides . .Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Mecocerculus stictopterus taeniopterus . .Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Caenotriccus ruficeps Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Anaeretes Jlavirostris '. Genus Temperate and South Temperate ; 

species Andean. 

Anaeretes agraphia Genus Temperate and South Temperate ; 

species Andean. 

Elaenia albiceps, subspecies Genus Tropical; subspecies Temperate Zone. 

Heliochera rubrocristata Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Troglodytes muscidus puna Genus Western Hemisphere; subspecies Andean 

Temperate Zone. 

Troglodytes solstitialis macroums Genus Western Hemisphere; subspecies Andean 

Temperate Zone. 

Semimerula gigas gigantodes Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Semimerula chiguanco Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Basileuterus luteoviridis superciliaris . . .Genus Tropical; subspecies Temperate Zone. 

Catamenia i. inornata Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Catamenia analoides griseiventris Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Spinus ictericus peruvianus Genus cosmopolitan; subspecies Temperate 

Zone. 

Poospizopsis caesar Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Atlapetes canigenis Genus Subtropical and Temperate; species 

Temperate Zone. 

Diglossa brunneiventris Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Diglossa mystacalis albilinea Genus and species Temperate Zone 

Diglossa personata melanopis Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Oreo-manes fraseri Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Conirostrum cyaneum Genus and species Temperate Zone 

Conirostrum ferrugineiventris Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Conirostrum c. cinereum Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Xenodacnis parina Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Iridosornis j. jelshii Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Poecilothraupis igniventns Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Buthraupis cucullata saturata Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Dubusia stictocephala Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Thraupis darwini laeta Genus Tropical; subspecies Temperate Zone. 

Hemispingus atropileus auricular is Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Hemispingus superciliaris nigrifrons. . .Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Pseudospingus xanthophthalmus Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Microspingus trifascialus Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Cyanolyca jolyaea Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

Cyanolyca viridicyanea cuzcoensis Genus and species Temperate Zone. 

2787—21 3 



34 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

SI7MMAKY OF DISTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF 51 GENERA AND 70 SPECIES TAKEN IN THE TEMPERATE 

ZONE.16 

GENERA. 

Of general distribution 11 

Of South Temperate Zone origin 1 

Andean and southeastern Brazil „ 1 

Tropical 8 

Restricted to Subtropical and Temperate Zones 2 

Restricted to the Temperate Zone 28 

Total 51 

SPECIES. 

Of general distribution 7 

Restricted to the Subtropical and Temperate Zones 7 

Restricted to the Temperate Zone 56 

Total 70 

PUNA OR PARAMO ZONE. 

The Puna of Peru corresponds to the Paramo of Colombia. Both 
regions lie between the upper limit of arborescent vegetation and 
the lower limit of snow. On the eastern Andes in the Urubamba 
region, this is approximately between the altitudes of 12,500 and 
15,000 feet, 16 limits which agree with those we found to exist in the 
Central Andes of Colombia. 

Faunally, however, where insufficient rainfall prohibits forest 
growth, the Puna Zone reaches a much lower level. As stated 
previously, at Ttica-Ttica (altitude 11,900 feet), near Cuzco, it 
completely inosculates with the upper* border of the arid Temperate 
Zone. The two zones are here distinguished by the presence or 
absence of bushy vegetation, a difference controlled wholly by 
water supply. Much additional field work is required to determine 
the interrelations of these zones. Since the bird life of the Puna 
has been derived largely from the South Temperate Zone in Pata- 
gonia it may prove to be desirable to characterize the Puna as an 
Andean Temperate and apply a new name for the forested and bush- 
grown Zone which I have here termed Temperate. This problem, 
however, can not be treated from a local standpoint, nor indeed do 
data as yet exist for its solution. 

In Colombia the flora of the Paramo with its frailejons and other 
striking species, is so characteristic that no difficulty is experienced 
in distinguishing Temperate Zone savanna from the Paramo above 
it. But the uniformly grass-covered plains and slopes and the 
marshes of the Puna afford no such obvious boundaries. 

»» In Colombia we found some 70 genera and somewhat over 100 species characteristic of the Temperate 
Zone. I can not say whether the excess in number over those found in Peru is actual or due to an incom- 
plete knowledge of Peruvian bird life, but note that even our local collecting in the Urubamba Region 
reveals the much more highly developed Puna or Paramo fauna of Peru. 

i fl See Bowman, the Andes of southern Peru, p. 274. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 35 

No doubt, however, can exist as to the origin of the Puna avifauna. 
Suited only for the needs of plain, marsh, and water-inhabiting 
species, Puna bird life has been largely derived from the vast area 
of plains, marsh, and lakes which, without topographic barrier, 
bounds it on the south and extends nearly to the southern limits of 
the continent. 

The South Temperate Zone ducks and grebes find a suitable 
home on the Puna lakes, where they are represented by permanently 
resident races, while the oven-birds (Furnariidae) and finches of 
Patagonia find congenial haunts and climatic conditions on the high 
Andean table-land. 17 

Subtracting from the 58 genera found by us on the Puna, 27 of 
general distribution (as Spatula, Phalacrocorax, Falco, Anthus, etc.), 
and we have left 31 genera, of which 19 are of the South Temperate 
Zone, while only 7 are peculiar to the Puna. Compare these figures 
with those given for the Temperate Zone and it is seen that the latter 
owes practically nothing to the South Temperate Zone, while it has 
a far larger proportion of endemic genera. Thus, of the genera found 
by us in the Puna Zone, slightly more, than 7 per cent are endemic, 
while of those found in the Temperate Zone 55 per cent are endemic. 

Continuing the comparison with the species found in the two zones, 
it is seen that somewhat more than 57 per cent of Puna Zone species 
are endemic, while of Temperate Zone species 80 per cent are endemic. 

The most obvious reason for the much greater differentiation of 
the life of the Temperate Zone as compared with that of the Puna 
Zone is apparently to be found in the geographic origin of their 
respective faunas. That of the Temperate Zone, as we have seen, 
presumably originated in the Tropical Zone, that of the Puna in the 
South Temperate Zone. The former has consequently been sub- 
jected to the influences of the wide climatic differences lying between 
the Tropical and Temperate Zones, the latter has found in the Puna 
Zone a climate not radically different from that in which we assume 
it originated. 

It is probable that the life of the Temperate Zone, having doubt- 
less passed through a Subtropical Zone stage, is older than that of 
the Puna. This, however, is one of the many problems connected 
with the origin of Andean life which we are not as yet in a position 
to attack. I restrict myself therefore to the comparison which 
clearly reveals the great distinctness of Temperate Zone bird life, 
and repeat my belief that this distinctness is not primarily dependent 
upon the age of the fauna, but mainly to the influence of the marked 
climatic differences existing between the Tropical and Temperate 
Zones. 

w If the entire known avifauna of Peru were here under review due consideration would of course be 
given the Limicolae, Flamingoes, Rheas, and other Tuna birds of which we secured no specimens. 



36 



BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 




9? 90° 6S° BO' 75° 70* 65° 60 1 5S* Stf 4? 4<? 3? 30' 2S° 



Fig. 2.— semi-diagrammatic representation of the range of heliochera, a very distinct 
cotingine genus restricted to the forests of the humid temperate zone, which has pre- 
sumably been derived from a forest-inhabiting ancestor of the humid tropical zone at the 
base of the andes. the humid temperate zone forest, and hence the distribution of the 
genus, is doubtless less continuous than is here indicated. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 



37 




Fig. 3.— semi-diagrammatic representation of the range of upucerthia, a genus of the tree- 
less SOUTH TEMPERATE ZONE, WHICH HAS EXTENDED ITS RANGE FROM PATAGONIA TO COLOMBIA OVER 
THE TREELESS PUNA OR PARAMO ZONE OF THE ANDES. COMPARE WITH MAP SHOWING RANGE OF THE 
GENUS HELIOCHERA, WHERE THE MARKED ENVIRONMENTAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TROPICAL AND 
TEMPERATE FORESTS, SEPARATED BY BUT FEW MILES, ARE BELIEVED TO HAVE RESULTED IN THE DEVEL- 
OPMENT OF THE DISTINCT TYPES CHARACTERIZING THE HUMID TEMPERATE ZONE, WHILE SPECIES OF 
THE PATAGONIAN PLAINS RANGE 4,000 MILES NORTHWARD OVER HIGH ANDEAN PLAINS WITH ONLY 
SLIGHT DIFFERENTIATION. 



38 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

DISTBIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF PUNA ZONE BIRDS. 

Nothoproctafulvescens Genus South Temperate; species Puna Zone. 

Nothoprocta kalinowshii Genus South Temperate; species Puna Zone. 

Nothura maculosa boliviano, Genus and species South Temperate; subspe- 
cies Puna Zone. 

Gymnopelia c. ceciliae Genus and species Puna; Peru to Argentina. 

Metriopelia m. melanoptera Genus and species Puna; Ecuador to Argentina. 

Pardirallus r. rytirhynchus Genus and species South Temperate. 

Gallinula galeata garmani Genus cosmopolitan; subspecies Puna Zone. 

Fulica ardesiaca Genus cosmopolitan; species Puna Zone. 

Fulica gigantea Genus cosmopolitan; species Puna Zone. 

Podiceps callipareus juninensis Genus cosmopolitan; species South Temperate; 

subspecies Puna Zone. 

Podiceps americanus Genus cosmopolitan; species South Temperate; 

subspecies Puna Zone. 

Larus serranus Genus cosmopolitan; species Puna Zone. 

Thinocorus orbignyanus Genus and species South Temperate. 

Ptiloscelys resplendens Genus and species Puna Zone, Ecuador to 

Argentina. 

Oullinago braziliensis andina Genus cosmopolitan; species Brazil and Argen- 
tina; subspecies Puna Zone. 

Theristicus branicMi Genus South America; species Puna Zone. 

Plegadis ridgwayi Genus cosmopolitan; species Puna Zone. 

Nycticorax n. tayazu-guira Genus cosmopolitan; subspecies South Ameri- 
can. 

Nycticorax cyanocephalus Genus cosmopolitan; species Chilean. 

Chloephaga melanoptera Genus and species South Temperate. 

Anas cristata alticola Genus cosmopolitan; species South Temperate; 

subspecies Puna Zone. 

Nettion oxypterum Genus cosmopolitan ; species Puna Zone. 

Dafila spinicauda Genus cosmopolitan ; species South Temperate 

Zone. 

Querquedula puna Genus cosmopolitan; species Puna Zone. 

Querquedula cyanoptera orinomus Genus cosmopolitan; species Western Hemi- 
sphere; subspecies Puna Zone. 

Spatula platalea Genus cosmopolitan; species South Temperate 

Zone. 

Oxyura ferruginea Genus Western Hemisphere; species Puna Zone. 

Phalacrocorax v. vigua Genus cosmopolitan; species South America. 

Sarcorhamphus gryphus Genus and species South Temperate Zone. 

Ibycter megalopterus .Genus South Temperate; species Puna Zone. 

Circus cinereus Genus cosmopolitan; species South Temperate 

Zone. 

Buteo erythronotus Genus cosmopolitan; species South Temperate 

Zone. 

Buteo poecilochrous Genus cosmopolitan; species Puna Zone. 

Spiziastur melanoleucus Genus and species South America. 

Falco fusco-caerulescens Genus cosmopolitan ; species South America. 

Cerchneis sparveria, subspecies Genus Western Hemisphere; species American. 

S peoty to cunicularia juninensis Genus and species Western Hemisphere; sub- 
species Puna Zone. 

Pterophanes cyanopterus Genus and species Puna Zone. 

Vestipedes sapphiropygia Genus Temperate and Puna; species Puna Zone. 

Metallura aeneocauda Genus Temperate and Puna; species Puna Zone. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 39 

Patagona gigas Genus and species Puna Zone; South Tem- 
perate Zone in Chile. 

Oreotrochilus estella Genus and species Puna £one. 

Colaptes puna Genus Western Hemisphere; species Puna Zone. 

Geositta tenuirostris Genus South Temperate; species Puna Zone. 

Upucerthia pallida Genus South Temperate; species Puna Zone. 

Cinclodes fuscus rivularis Genus and species South Temperate; subspe- 
cies Puna Zone. 

Cinclodes atacamensis Genus South Temperate; species Puna Zone. 

Leptasthenura andicola peruviana Genus South Temperate; species Puna Zone. 

LeptastJienura pileata Genus South Temperate; species Puna Zone. 

Siptornis albicapilla Genus South Temperate; species Puna Zone. 

Siptornis modesta proxima Genus South Temperate; species Puna Zone. 

Siptornis ottonis Genus South Temperate; species Puna Zone. 

Siptornis graminicola Genus South Temperate; species Puna Zone. 

Siptornis urubambensis Genus South Temperate; species Puna Zone. 

Phacellodomus striaticeps griseipectus . .Genus North Argentina; species Puna Zone. 

Agriornis pollens Genus South Temperate ; species Puna Zone. 

Agriornis solitaria insolens Genus South Temperate; species Puna Zone. 

Myiotheretes erythropygius Genus South Temperate; species Puna Zone. 

Ochthoeca oenanthoides polionota Genus Andean Temperate; species Puna Zone. 

Muscisaxicola albi/rons Genus South Temperate; species Puna Zone. 

Muscisaxicola grisea.: Genus South Temperate ; species Puna Zone. 

Muscisaxicola albilora Genus South Temperate; species Puna Zone. 

Muscisaxicola rufivertex Genus South Temperate; species Puna Zone. 

Muscisaxicola maculirostris Genus South Temperate; species South Tem- 
perate. 

Lessonia niger oreas Genus and species South Temperate; subspe- 
cies Puna Zone. 

Orochelidon murina Genus and species Andean Temperate and 

Puna Zones. 

Orochelidon andecola Genus and species Andean Temperate and 

Puna Zones. 

Cistothorus platensis graminicola Genus Western Hemisphere; species South 

Temperate; subspecies Puna Zone. 

Anthus bogotensis immaculatus Genus cosmopolitan; species Andean Temper- 
ate and Puna Zones. 

Anthus furcatus Genus cosmopolitan; species South Temperate. 

Spinus atratus Genus cosmopolitan; species Puna Zone. 

Sycalis arvensis Genus and species South America. 

Brachyspiza c. peruviana Genus and species South Temperate; subspe- 
cies Western South America. 

P8eudochloris olivascens chloris Genus and species Puna Zone. 

Pseudochloris uropygialis connectens... Genus and species Puna Zone. 

Phrygilus gayi punensis Genus and species South Temperate; subspe- 
cies Puna Zone. 

Phrygilus fruticeti Genus South Temperate; species South Tem- 
perate Zone. 

Phrygilus unkolor unicolor. Genus South Temperate; species South Tem- 
perate Zone. 

Phrygilus alaudinus Genus South Temperate; species Puna Zone. 

Phrygilus plebejus Genus South Temperate; species Puna Zone. 

Diuca speculifera Genus South Temperate; species Puna Zone. 

Agelaius thilius Genus Western Hemisphere ; species South 

Temperate Zone. 



40 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF 68 GENERA AND 82 SPECIES TAKEN IN THE PUMA ZONE.* 5 

GENERA. 

Of general distribution 27 

Of South Temperate Zone origin 19 

Of Argentine origin 1 

Restricted to the Temperate and Puna Zones 4 

Restricted to the Puna Zone 7 

Total 58 

SPECIES. 

Of general distribution 10 

Found also in the South Temperate Zone 22 

Found also in Chile 1 

Restricted to the Temperate and Puna Zones 3 

Restricted to the Puna Zone 46 

Total 82 

NORTH AMERICAN MIGRANTS. 

The coast and the lakes and marshes of the tableland of Peru form 
the winter home or migration stations for a number of North American 
shore birds. Taczanowski records some 28 species, but of land birds 
comparatively few reach this country, only 15 being given by 
Taczanowski. 

Our work having been done largely in the summer months we took 
comparatively few of these migrants. Tetanus melanoleucus is 
recorded from Tinta and Tungasuca by Sclater and Salvin, Helodromas 
solitarius from Santa Ana by Berlepsch and Stolzmann, while Watkins 
secured two male Spotted Sandpipers at Calca, near Cuzco, on April 
25, one of which had the sexual organs much enlarged. 

The following North American land birds are recorded beyond : 

Empidonax traiUi alnorwn. 

Vireosylva olivacea. 

Dendroica caerulea. 

Wilsonia canadensis. 

Piranga rubra rubra. 

LIST OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES IN THE URUBAMBA COLLECTIONS 
WHICH HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED AS NEW. 

Micropus peruvianus, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 32, 1919, p. 253 (Ollantaytambo), 

= Micropus parvulus Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 
Leptasthenura andicola peruviana, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 41, 1919, p. 327 

(La Raya). 
Siptornis urubambensis, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 41, 1919, p. 328 (Cedro- 

bamba). 

18 The richness of the Puna Zone avifauna of Peru as compared with that of Colombia is shown by the 
statement that only 15 genera and 18 species were found by us in the Paramo or Puna Zone of the last- 
named country. This comparatively limited life is due to the small extent of the area contained within 
the zone and also to its remoteness from the region in which Puna birds have their geographic origin. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE UEUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 41 

Phacellodomus striaticeps griseipectus, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 32, 1919, p. 258 

(Ttica-Ttica). 
Mecocerculus subtropicalis , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 32, 1919, p. 263 (San Miguel 

Bridge). 
Anaa-etes agraphia, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 32, 1919, p. 263 (Idma). 
Basileuterus luteoviridis superciliaris , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 32, 1919, p. 265 

(above Torontoy). 
Pheucticus uropygialis terminalis, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 32, 1919, p. 266 (San 

Miguel Bridge). 
Pseudochloris uropygialis connectens, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 41, 1919, 

p. 329 (La Raya). 
Catamenia analoides griseiventris, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1919, p. 267 (Cuzco). 
Atlapetes canigenis, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 41, 1919, p. 330 (Torontoy). 
Diglossa mystacalis albilinea, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 41, 1919, p. 331 

(Cedrobamba). 
Oreomanes binghami, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 41, 1919, p. 331 (Cedrobamba) 

—Oreomanes fraseri Sclater. 

LIST OF SUBSPECIES DESCRIBED IN THIS PAPER. 

Aratinga mitrata alticola, p. 62. 
Siptornis modcsta proxima, p. 83. 
Ochthoeca lessoni tectricialis, p. 88. 

DISTRIBUTIONAL LIST OF 380 SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF BIRDS 
KNOWN FROM THE URUBAMBA VALLEY. 

This paper is offered primarily as a contribution to a biological 
survey of the Andean system. Such value as it may possess is to be 
found chiefly in the results of a comparative study of the origin of 
the bird life of the Temperate and Puna Zones from which our col- 
lections, if not complete, are at least fairly representative. 

As a preliminary to the end in view it was necessary only that the 
identity of our specimens — constituting, as it were, the factors in the 
local problem under consideration — be determined and expressed in 
terms of current nomenclature. So far as possible I have, therefore, 
restricted my systematic work to the specimens contained in the 
collection. The fact, furthermore, that the American Museum, in 
the prosecution of its biological survey of South America, is now 
engaged in work in Peru makes it desirable to await the receipt of 
much additional material before attempting an}^thing like revisions 
of the groups to which the species herein listed belong. 

Failure to recognize genera recently described or recorded by 
various authors does not necessarily mean disapproval of their 
views. Generic subdivision in ornithology nowadays is so un- 
standardized and, in man}^ cases, is so largely a matter of opinion, 
that it seems unwise to change long-established terms until oppor- 
tunity has been afforded to weigh the evidence on which the new or 
revived genera in question are recognized. 



42 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

Faunal papers treating of a small part of the known species of 
birds may be regarded as catalogues, rather than expositions of 
classification. To facilitate their use, particularly when as " extras' ' 
they appear without indices, their authors should, in my opinion, 
adopt a current, standard classification, even when it does not wholly 
embody their own views. I have, therefore, followed here Sharpe's 
order of arrangement as it is employed by Brabourne and Chubb in 
their Birds of South America, using also the enumeration of species 
given in that work. The addition of a letter to a number indicates 
that the species in question is not contained in Brabourne and Chubb's 
list. 

Ridgway's Color Standards and Color Nomenclature (Washington, 
1912) has been accepted as authoritative. 

When no specimens are listed it is understood that the species is 
nclucled on the authority cited. 

DISTRIBUTIONAL SUMMARY. 

Number 
of species. 

Of general distribution 15 

North American migrants 8 

Tropical Zone 115 

Subtropical Zone 105 

Temperate Zone * 63 

Puna or Paramo Zone 74 

Total 380 

Order CRYPTURIFORMES. 

Family TINAMIDAE. 
TINAMOUS. 

(4) TINAMUS TAO Temminck. 

Tinamus too Temminck, Pig. et Gallin., vol. 3, 1815, pp. 569, 749 ("Para, 
Bresil"). 

No comparison made with other specimens. 
Rio Comberciato, 1 male; Rio Cosireni, 1 male; Rio San Miguel, 
1 male, 1 female. 

(7) TINAMUS MAJOR RUFICEPS Sclater and Salvin. 

Tinamus ruficeps Sclater and Salvin, Nomen. Av. Neotr., 1873, p. 162 (Rio 
Napo, Ec). 

A male and female from the Rio Cosireni agree in color with 
average specimens from Colombia, but have a shorter wing, meas- 
uring, respectively, wing, 200 and 205 mm. as compared with an 
average of 230 mm. in the Colombian bird. 

Rio Cosireni, 2. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 43 

(23) CRYPTURUS SOUI, subspecies. 

Two males from the Rio Comberciato and a female from the Rio 
Cosireni represent an apparently undescribed race of this widely dis- 
tributed and variable species. This material is not, however, 
in my opinion, sufficient to define satisfactorily the status and 
relationships of a Peruvian form, and rather than add to the con- 
fusion which already exists in this group I prefer to await the receipt 
of additional specimens before presenting my conclusions in this 
connection. Meanwhile it may be said that the males, one of which 
(Sept. 13) is marked as " breeding" are much grayer, less fulvous below 
than the males of any race known to me, while the female (Sept. 
11) which is also marked as breeding, resembles in general coloration 
males from the island of Trinidad, but has the lower tail-coverts 
more rufous. 

Rio Comberciato, 2; Rio Cosireni, 1. 

(26) CRYPTURUS PARVIROSTRIS Wagler. 

Crypturus parvirostris Wagler, Syst. Av. Gen. Crypturus, sp. 13, 1827 (Brazil). — 
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 101 (Santa Ana). 

A female collected by Cherrie at Santa Ana compared with three 
males from Chapada, Matto Grosso, is darker above with the crown 
slaty, rather than brownish, and the underparts decidedly more 
slaty. These differences may be in part sexual but are doubtless 
also in part racial. 

Brabourne and Chubb 19 have proposed to place this species and 
G. tataupa in a new genus for which they propose the name Cryp- 
turellus. Later 20 Chubb, discovering that this name was preoccu- 
pied, replaced it with Microcrypturus; but in 1919, Ibis, p. 10, he 
continued to use Crypturellus. The characters ascribed to the new 
genus, however, seem at the best to be of not more than subgeneric 
value and in my opinion the species mentioned may be retained in the 
genus Crypturus. 

Santa Ana, 1. 

(49) NOTHOPROCTA FULVESCENS Berlepsch. 

Nothoprocta fulvescens Berlepsch Proc. 5th Int. Zool. Cong., 1902, p. 548 (Urcos, 
3500 m., Dept. Cuzco, Peru). 

I refer to this species, of which I have seen only the original de- 
scription, two not fully mature specimens collected by Heller at 
Ollantaytambo. They have the flanks and abdominal region ful- 
vous, as in N. curvirostris , but the secondaries are barred with rich 
fulvous, not with ferruginous as in that species, A', perdicaria, and 
N. coquimbae. 

Ollantaytambo, 2. 

» Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 14, 1914, p. 322. 

»Bull. Brit. Ora. Club., vol. 38, 1917, p. 30, under Crypturus obsoletus punensis. 



44 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(59) NOTHOPROCTA KALINOWSKH Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Nothoprocta kalinowskii Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1901, p. 104; 1906 , 
p. 104 (Licomachay near Cuzco). 

(61) NOTHURA MACULOSA PERUVIANA Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Nothura maculosa peruviana Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 10 L 
(Santa Ana, Peru). 

(63) NOTHURA MACULOSA BOLIVIANA Salvador!. 

Nothura boliviana Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 27, 1895, p. 561 (Bo- 
livia). 

Nothura maculosa boliviana Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 105 
(Cuzco). 

Order GALLIFORMES. 

Family CRACIDAE. 

CURASSOWS, GUANS, CHACHALACAS. 

(92) PENELOPE SCLATERI PLUMOSA Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Penelope sclateri plumosa Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc Zool. Soc, 1902, 
p. 44 (Maraynioc, Peru). 

Differs from Bolivian specimens as described by Berlepsch and 
Stolzmann. 

Torontoy, 7,800-9,000 feet, 7. 

(98) PENELOPE JACQUACU JACQUACU Spix. 

Penelope jacquacu Spix, Av. Bras., vol. 2, 1825, p. 52, pi. lxviii (Solimoena). 

Four specimens from the Tropical Zone agree with four from 
southeastern Colombia, and one from the Lower Beni, but two from 
the Rio Chimore (1,300 feet, Prov. Cochabamba, Bolivia), have the 
malar stripe grayer, the crown feathers longer, more pointed and 
more widely bordered with gray; the wing coverts more widely 
margined with silvery white, and the rump greener. They thus agree 
with the description of Penelope speciosa Todd. It is difficult to 
believe, however, that the differences noted are more than subspecific 
when it seems probable that speciosa will prove to be the same as 
P. boliviana Rcichenbach. 

Rio Comberciato, 2 (one, Sept. 25, breeding); Rio Cosireni, 1 
(Aug. 30, breeding); San Fernando, 1 (Sept. 20, breeding). 

(112) OBTAUS GUTTATA (Spix). 

Penelope guttata Spix, Av. Bras., vol. 2, 1825, p. 55, pi. lxxii (Solimoens). 
Ortalis guttata adspersa Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 100 (Id ma, 
1 female ). 

Two males from the Rio Cosireni have the throat and breast darker 
with the margins to the feathers whiter and more clearly defined than 
in examples from southeastern Colombia. Should the difference be 
constant they should be known as Ortalis guttata adspersus (Tschudi) . 

Rio Cosireni, 2 (1, Oct. 20, "breeding")- 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 45 

(116) PIPILE CUMANENSIS (Jacquin). 

Crax cumanensis J acquin , Beytr. Gesch. Vogel, 1784, p. 25, pi. 10 (Orinoco). 

This widely distributed bird of the Tropical Zone, is represented 
by four specimens collected by Heller between September 4 and 25, 
and marked by him as " breeding." I have no topo typical specimens 
for comparison. 

Rio Comberciato, 4. 

(121) ABURRIA ABURRI (Lesson). 

Penelope aburri Lesson, Diet. Sci. Nat., vol. 59, 1829, p. 191 (Bogota). 
Aburria aburri Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 100 (Idma). 

Two females agree with others from Bogota, but are slightly 
smaller. 

Rio Cosireni, 1; Rio San Miguel, 1, breeding (Sept. 29). 

Family ODONTOPHORIDAE. 

AMERICAN QUAILS AND PARTRIDGES. 

(140) ODONTOPHORUS STELLATUS (Gould). 

Ortyx stellata Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1842, p. 183 (Brazil). 
An immature female is apparently to be referred to this species. 
Rio Cosireni, 1. 

Order COLUMBIFORMES. 

Family COLUMBIDAE. 

PIGEONS AND DOVES. 

(147) COLUMBA ALBIPENNIS Sclater. 

Columba albipennis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 18 (Pitumarca, Peru).— 
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 104 (Cuzco). 

Ollantaytambo, 3 (1 breeding, Aug. 10). 

(152) COLUMBA RUFINA RUFINA Temminck and Knlp. 

Columba rujina Temminck and Knip, Pig., Proc, vol. 1, 1808-1811, p. 59, pi. 24 

(French Guiana). 
Columba rujina Sclater and Salvin, Proc Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 17 (Maranura).— 

Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 100 (Santa Ana., Idma). 

I am unable to separate three specimens from Peru and two from 
Bolivia from a Colombian series. The under tail coverts average 
darker but the difference is slight and bridged by individual varia- 
tion, two of the Peruvian and one of the Bolivian birds having the 
under tail coverts quite as pale as in eastern Colombian example. 

Santa Ana, 2; Idma, 1. 

(154) COLUMBA ALBILINEA ALBILINEA Bonaparte. 

Columba albilinea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., vol. 2, 1854, p. 51 (New Granada). 
Two of our four specimens are adult and agree with Colombia 
examples. 

Occobamba Valley, 3; above Torontoy (altitude 9,500 feet), 1. 



46 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(156a) COLUMBA PLUMBEA PROPINQUA Cory. 

Columba plumbea propinqua Cory, Field Mus. Pub. 182, 1915, p. 205 (Moyobamba,. 

Pern). 
Columba plumbea andicola Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 33 (Central Peru to Bolivia). 

A male from the Rio Comberciato and another from Santo Domingo, 
southeastern Peru, agree and apparently are not separable from a 
specimen from Buena Vista, eastern Colombia, labeled by Ridgway 
C. plumbea propinqua Cory. Mr. Chubb appears to have overlooked 
this race in his remarks on the forms of this species 21 , as well as late 
publications on the same subject by Ridgway 22 , and Chapman. 23 

Rio Comberciato, 1. 

(162) ZENAIDA AURICULATA PALLENS Bangs and Noble. 

Zenaida auriculata pallens Bangs and Noble, Auk, 1918, p. 446 (Huancabamba, 
Peru). 

This wide-ranging species is found from the Tropical up to the Tem- 
perate Zone. Specimens from the coast and tableland, both in Peru 
and Ecuador, are apparently alike and hence should be referred to 
this recently described race, the relationships of which with Z. 
hypoleuca Bonaparte remain to be determined. On the other hand, 
three males from the Cauca Valley, Colombia, agree with an equal 
number from Chile in having the chin scarcely lighter than the 
breast, the color of the latter extending backward to the vent with 
but little buff. The lower tail coverts in the Cauca birds, however, 
are more vinaceous than in those from Chile. Some Bolivian birds 
(Prov. Cochabamba) resemble Chilean examples; others are like 
those from Peru. Two adult males from Buenos Aires are paler, 
more glaucous below than any of those above mentioned, while a 
male from Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil, agrees in color and size 
with two others from Fernando Noronha off the coast of Brazil. 24 

Unquestionably this species may properly be divided into several 
races, but their satisfactory definition requires more material than 
is at present available. 

Santa Ana, 1; Ollantaytambo, 2; Huaracondo, 2; Cuzco, 1; 
Pisac, 6. 

(170) GYMNOPELIA CECILIAE CECILIAE (Lesson). 

Columba (Chamoepelia) ceciliae Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., Jan. 12, 1845, col. 

8 (Peru). 
Chamoepelia erythrothorax Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869. p. 155 

(Tinta). 

Found by us in the arid Temperate and Puna Zones. It is inter- 
esting to observe that specimens from La Ray a are referable to the 
present form, while a series from Tirapata, 60 miles farther south, 

« Ibis, 1919, pp. 31-33. 

« Birds of Middle and North America, vol. 7, 1916, pp. 324, 325. 

a» Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 36, 1917, pp. 203-206. 

»« Zenaida auriculata noronha Chubb (Gray MS.), Ibis, 1919, p. 36. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE TJRUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 47 

agrees with the Bolivian race G. c. gymnopSj which has been char- 
acterized by Chubb. 

Ollantaytambo, 3; Chospiyoc, 2 (Apr. 15, 21, breeding); Huara- 
condo, 4; Cuzco, 4; La Raya, 6. 

(176) CHAEMEPELIA MINUTA MINUTA (Linnaeus). 

Columba minuta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, 1766, p. 285 (Cayenne). 
Chamaepelia griseola Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 17 (Ma- 

ranura). 
Columbigallina minuta Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 100 (Santa 

Ana). 

Inhabits the Tropical Zone. 
Santa Ana, 6 ; Idma, 2. 

(187) METRIOPELIA MELANOPTERA MELANOPTERA (Molina). 

Columba melanoptera Molina, Hist. Nat. Chile, 1782, p. 308 (Chile). 
Metriopelia melanoptera Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 155 
(Tinta). 

Restricted to the Puna Zone. Our specimens agree with a series 
from Tofo, Chile, and show no approach to the well-marked Ecua- 
dorian form M. m. saturatior Chubb. 

La Raya, 1 ; Pisac, 2. 

(194) LEPTOTILA OCHROPTERA OCHROPTERA (Pelzeln). 

Leptoptila ochroptera Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1871, pp. 278,451 (Sapitiba). — Scla- 
ter and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 17 (Potrero; Huiro). — Berlepsch 
and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 100 (Santa Ana). 

Inhabits the Tropical Zone ranging upward to the Subtropical. 
An excellent series agrees in color with three specimens from Para- 
guay (Rio Negro and Fort Wheeler) which I assume represent 
cMoroauchenia, but the Peruvian birds are slightly smaller and 
should, I suppose, be referred to ochroptera. I have not, however, 
topotypical specimens of the last-named form and this identification 
must therefore be considered as provisional. 

Santa Ana, 7; Idma, 1; San Miguel Bridge, 4; Machu Picchu. 1; 
Torontoy, 2. 

(204) OREOPELEIA MONTANA (Linnaeus). 

Columba montana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, 1758, p. 163 (Jamaica). 

A wide-ranging Tropical Zone species. 
Rio Cosireni, 1 (Aug. 27, breeding). 

(208) OREOPELEIA FRENATA (Tschndi). 

Columba frenata Tschudi, Arch, fur Natnrg., vol. 1, 1843, p. 386 (E. Peru). 
Geotrygon frenata Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 100 (Idma). 

Rio San Miguel, 2 (1 breeding, Sept. 29). 



48 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

Order RALLIFORMES, 

Family RALLIDAE. 

RAILS, GALLINULES, COOTS. 

(221) PARDIRALLUS RYTIRHYNCHUS RYTIRHYNCHUS (Vieiilot). 

Rallus rytirhynchus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., vol. 28, 1819, p. 549 

(Paraguay). 
Pardirallus rytirhynchus rytirhynchus Bangs and Noble, Auk, 1918, p. 446 (Huan- 

cabamba, Peru). 
Pardirallus rityrhynchus tschudii Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 50 (central Peru; type from 

Lake Junin). 

An excellent series of 19 specimens from northern Argentina, which 
may be considered as doubtless typically representing this species, 
shows some interesting differences in coloration and indicates that 
recently proposed forms of this species are apparently based on 
individual rather than racial variation. The dorsal surface in these 
specimens varies from plain, uniform olive-brown of varying shades, 
to essentially the same or somewhat paler color mottled with blackish, 
especially posteriorly. This blackish mottling is largely due to a 
wearing away of the tips of the feathers which exposes their blackish 
bases, but it is also individual, since some worn specimens, which 
are at the beginning of the postnuptial molt, do not exhibit it. The 
same range of variation is shown in five specimens from the Tem- 
perate Zone of Peru (including three from Lake Junin, type locality 
of P. r. tschudii Chubb) . These specimens are somewhat larger than 
those from Argentina, but the difference is not in my opinion suffi- 
ciently pronounced to be of diagnostic value. 

La Raya, 1 ; Calca, 1 . 

(231) ARAMIDES CAJANEA CHIRICOTE (Vieillot). 

Rallus chiricote Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., vol. 28, 1819, p. 551 (Para- 
guay). 

A species of the Tropical Zone. Our specimen agrees with seven 
from Matto Grosso, Brazil. 
Rio Comberciato, 1. 

(252) CRECISCUS VIRIDIS FACIALIS (Tschudi). 

Crex facialis Tschudi, Arch, fur Naturg., 1843, p. 388 ("in sylvis peruanis cali- 

dris"). 
Creciscus viridis facialis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 102 (Santa 

Ana). 

(256) GALLINULA GALEATA GARMANI Allen. 

Gallinula garmani Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1876, p. 357 (Lake Titicaca). 

A Puna Zone representative of this wide-ranging species. 
Calca, 1. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 49 

(261) FULICA ARDESIACA Tschudi. m 

Fulica ardesiaca Tschudi, Arch, fur Naturg., 1843, vol. 1, p. 389 (Peru).— Sclater 
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 156 (Tungasuca) . 

(263) FULICA GIGANTEA Eydoux and Souleyet. 

Fulica gigantea Eydoux and Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, 1841, p. 102, pi. 8 (Peru). 

Restricted to the Puna Zone. 
La Rava, 1. 



Order PODICIPEDIFORMES. 

Family PODICIPEDIDAE. 

GREBES. 

(269) PODICEPS AMERICANUS Garnot. 

Podiceps ainericanus Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., vol. 1, 1829, p. 599 (Chile). 
Podiceps rollandi Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 158 (Tungasuca). 

(272) PODICEPS CALLIPARAEUS JUNINENSIS Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

P. calliparaeus junineasis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ibis, 1894, p, 112, prov. 

descr. (Lake Junin, Peru). 
Podiceps calipareus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 158 (Tungasuca). 

Comparison of 13 specimens from Puno, 6 from Lake Junin, and 
3 from La Raya, with 2 birds in breeding plumage from the Falkland 
Islands, confirms the subspecific distinctness of the race inhabiting 
the Puna Zone of Peru. Titicaca specimens average slightly larger 
than those from Junin and La Raya birds seem to be somewhat 
larger than either. 

La Rava, 2 males, 1 female. 



Order LARIFORMES. 

Family LARIDAE. 

SKIMMERS, GULLS, SKUAS. 

(341) LARUS SERRANUS Tschudi. 

Lams serranus Tschudi, Archivfur Naturg., 1844, vol. 1, p. 314 (Peru).— Sclater 
and Salvin, Proc Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 158 (Tinta). 

An abundant species of the Puna Zone, descending the streams to 
the Subtropical Zone. 

Ollantaytambo, 1; San Miguel Bridge, 1. 

2787—21 1 



50 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

Order CHARADRIIFORMES. 

Family THINOCORYTHIDAE. 

SEED-SNIPE. 

(359) THINOCORUS ORBIGNYANUS Geoffroy and Lesson. 

Tinochorus orbignyanus Geoffroy and Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1832, p. 137, pis. 48, 
49 ("San-Yago, Chili"). 

I have no Chilean material for comparison. 

Occobamba Pass (13000 feet) above Ollantaytambo, 1 male, 2 

Family CHARADRIIDAE. 

PLOVERS, SNIPES, Etc. 

(369) HOPLOXYPTERUS CAYANUS (Latham). 

Charadriu8 cayanus Latham, Ind. Ora., vol. 2, 1790, p. 749 (Cayenne). 
Hoploxypterus cayanus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 102 (Santa 
Ana). 

(370) PTILOSCELYS RESPLENDENS (Tschudi). 

Charadrius resplendens Tschudi, Arch, fur Naturg., 1843, p. 388 ("Antium 

incola," Peru). 
Vanellus resplendens Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 156 (Tinta). 

Common in and peculiar to the Puna Zone. 
Lucma, 1 female. 

(397) TOTANUS MELANOLEUCUS (Gmelin). 

Scolopax melanoleuca Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, 1789, p. 659 (Labrador). 
Gambetta melanoleuca Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 156 (Tinta; 
Tungasuca). 

(399) HELODROMAS SOLITARIUS (Wilson). 

Tringa solitaria Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 7, 1813, p. 53, pi. 58, fig. 3 (probably 

Pennsylvania). 
Helodromas solitarius Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 102 (Santa 

Ana, 2 males, Sept.). 

I am unable to say whether the two specimens recorded by Ber- 
lepsch and Stolzmann are referable to the eastern or western form. 

(400) ACTITIS MACULARIA (Linnaeus). 

Tringa macularia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, 1766, p. 249 (Pennsylvania). 
Tringoides macularius Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 102 (Santa 
Ana, Dec). 

Rio Comberciato, 1 female juv., Sept. 22, molting into first winter 
plumage; Calca, 1 male, Apl. 25 "testes much enlarged/ ' 1 male, 
Apl. 25, "testes slightly enlarged," both in nuptial plumage. 

(415) GALLINAGO BRAZILIENSIS ANDINA (Taczanowski). 

Scolopax andina Taczanowski, Proc Zool. Soc, 1874, p. 561 (Lake Junin, Peru). 
Gallinagofrenata Sclater and Salvin, Proc Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 156 (Tungasuca). 
Gallinago andina Sclater and Salvin, Proc Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 19 (Crit.). 

These specimens agree with four others from Lake Junin. 
La Ray a, 1; Ttica-Ttica, 1. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 51 

Order GRUIFORMES. 

Family EURYPYGIDAE. 

SUN-BITTERNS. 

(435) EURYPYGA MAJOR MERIDIONALIS Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Eurypyga major meridionalis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1902, 
p. 50 (La Merced, Peru). 

Compared with five specimens from Panama, and one from Choc6, 
Colombia, two Peruvian birds support, in part, the characters on 
which this race is based. The russet banding on the outer primary 
is evidently variable in the same locality and not diagnostic, but 
the narrower black bands of the back, and clearer, more distinct 
markings on the neck seem to distinguish the Peruvian form. 

Rio Cosireni, 1; (also Inca Mine, 1). 

Order ARDEIFORMES. 

Family IBIDIDAE. 

IBISES. 

(446) THERISTICUS BRANICKH Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Theristicus branickii Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ibis, 1894, p. 404 (Lake Junin, 
Peru); 1900, pis. 9, 10. 

Agrees with two specimens from Lake Junin. 
Occobamba Pass, 14,000 feet, 1 male. 

(454) PLEGADIS RIDGWAYI (Allen). 

Falcinellus ridgwayi Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 3, 1876, p. 355 (Lake 

Titicaca). 
Ibis falcinellus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 156 (Tungasuca) 

Common in lagoons in the Puna Zone near the village of Huara- 
condo. No specimens were taken. 

Family ARDEIDAE. 

HERONS, BITTERNS, Etc. 

(463) HERODIAS EGRETTA (Gmelin). 

Ardea egretta Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, 1789, p. 629 (Cayenne).— Sclater and 
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 156 (Tungasuca). 

(470) NYCTICORAX NYCTICORAX TAYAZU-GUIRA (Vieillot). 

Ardea tayazu-guira Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., vol 14, 1817, p. 417 (Para- 
guay). 

(471) NYCTICORAX CYANOCEPHALUS (Molina). 

Ardea cyanocephala Molina, Saggio St. Chile, 1782, p. 156 (Chile). 

Nycticorax obscurus Sclater and Salvin, Proc Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 156 (Tinta). 

The night herons of southern South America have long perplexed 
taxonomists, and with some 30 specimens before me I confess that 
I am no more able to reach wholly satisfactory results than have 



52 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

been my predecessors. It is evident, however, from the material 
at hand, that there are two well-marked forms, a light and a dark. 
The dark form appears to be the only one found in Chile, where it 
ranges from the Straits of Magellan region northward. The light 
form appears to be the only one found east of the Andes, where it 
ranges from the Falkland Islands north, at least, to northern Argen- 
tina. Thus far the case seems clear, but when we reach the Andean 
table-land it is complicated by the occurrence of both forms, and 
what appears to be intergrades between them, from at least the 
vicinity of Cochabamba, Bolivia, to Lake Junin, Peru. 

This intergradation is not a gradual merging of one form into 
another, since typical specimens of both dark and light forms were 
secured at the same place, within two days of each other, as appears 
from the appended consideration of table-land specimens. 

Bolivia. — Vinto, 8,600 feet, Province Cochabamba. An unsexed, 
immature specimen taken July 7, streaked above and below, repre- 
sents the dark form and resembles in size and color a bird of the same 
age from Ancud, Chile. The ground color below is ochraceous 
broadly streaked with black; the upper parts are blackish streaked 
with ochraceous. 

Peru. — Puno, Lake Titicaca. A fully adult male with long 
nuptial plumes and enlarged sexual organs, taken July 26, is inter- 
mediate between cyanocephalus and naevius in color, but agrees 
with the former in size. (Wing, 319 mm.). It agrees very nearly 
with a male in similar stage of plumage from the Falkland Islands. 
An immature female, taken August 26, is typical of the light form 
and agrees in color and size with a specimen from Tafi del Valle, 
Province Tucuman, Argentina. 

La Kaya, 14,000 feet (about midway between Puno and Cuzco). 
A nearly adult male taken April 10, in much worn plumage and 
undergoing a complete molt into adult plumage, can be matched by 
specimens from Jujuy, Argentina, which are but slightly darker than 
average examples of naevius from the United States. An adult 
male in full molt, taken April 8, at La Kaya, is fairly typical of the 
dark form and agrees essentially in color and in size with a bird of 
the same age from Temuco, Chile. Consequently we have from 
La Raya, taken within two days of each other, fairly typical speci- 
mens of tayazu-guira and cyanocepJialus. 

A nearly adult female in full molt, taken April 22 at Calca, in the 
Cuzco region, is t}'pical of the light form and agrees with the La 
Raya female just mentioned. A young male taken March 13, at 
Junin is typical of the light form, while and adult male taken on the 
same day at the same place is intermediate between the light and 
dark forms. It is slightly darker than the intermediate specimen 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 53 

from Puno, but very near a Falkland Island bird. Additional 
specimens, and particularly field studies, are needed to determine 
satisfactorily the status of these herons on the table-land of Bolivia 
and Peru, but the material examined in this connection (see list of 
specimens under table of measurements) shows, as stated above, 
the existence of a dark form in Chile and of a somewhat variable 25 
light form in the Falkland Islands and Argentina, and doubtless 
Paraguay, Uruguay, and southern Brazil. The former has long 
been known as Nycticorax cyanocephalus, the latter has stood as 
Nycticorax tayazu-guira until 1914, when Mr. Hartert, 26 stating that 
Paraguayan birds were referable to naevius, applied that name to 
all the mainland birds east of the Andes and described the Falkland 
Island bird as Nycticorax cyanocephalus falklandicus. 

I have no specimens from Paraguay, but it is not probable that 
they would differ materially from those in our excellent series from 
northern Argentina. Some of the latter can be matched by dark 
specimens of naevius from the United States, nevertheless it is 
quite evident that they belong to the form of naevius which inhabits 
southern South America, east of the Andes, for which Vieillot's 
name tayazu-guira, founded on Paraguay specimens through Azara, 
is available. To this form I refer Falkland Island as well as 
Titicaca and Lake Junin specimens. In other words, I follow 
Sharpe 27 rather than Hartert. As shown above, adults from the 
Falklands are essentially like adults from Peru, while an immature 
Falkland bird can be matched by one from Jujuy, Argentina. In 
other words, the Falkland Island bird can not be separated from the 
light-colored mainland form either by color or by size. It is equally 
clear that, in spite of its variability, there is but one light-colored 
form of the Night Heron in southern South America, where it ranges 
from at least Lake Junin to the Falkland Islands, specimens from 
these two localities, as well as from Lake Titicaca being inseparable. 

The relationships of the light form {tayazu-guira) to the dark form 
(cyanocephalus) are in doubt, but our specimens establish the fact 
that both occur together on the Peruvian tableland, where also 
intermediates between them are found. It is not impossible that 
the dark coloration is a partial dichromatism, constant in Chile, oc- 
casional on the tableland, and shown in a lesser degree by certain 
specimens from Peru, Argentina, and the Falklands. Since writing 
the above we have received an adult night heron from Panama, 
which is nearly as dark as Chilean specimens. 

In size, the wing and tail average longer in the dark form. This 
difference is well shown by the two males from La Raya, one of which 

* Almost as much variation is shown by naevius in the United States. 
*« Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 35, 1914, p. 15. 
» Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 26, pp. 155, 156. 



54 



BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



is an extreme example of the light form, while the other is typical 
of the dark form. A male from the Falklands, however, is as large 
as some and but slightly smaller than other Chilean birds, while in 
two females from the Falklands the wing is shorter than in Chilean 
birds, but not quite so short as in Argentine specimens. In the 
length of the tarsus and bill there appear to be no diagnostic differ- 
ences in size. 

Measurements of males. 



Bertrand Island, Chile, immature 1 
Do. 1 

Temuco, Chile, immature l 

Ancud, Chile, immature l 

Do. 1 -. 

Falkland Island, adult 2 

Perico, Jujuy, immature 2 

Perico, Jujuy, adult 2 

Puno, adult 2 

La Raya, adult 2 

Do. 1 

Junin, adult 2 

Junin, immature 2 



Wine;. 


Tail. 


Tarsus. 


317 


129 


82 


310 


126 


81 


323 


121 


86 


322 


118 


85 


314 


115 


80 


312 


120 


90 


290 


117 


80 


305 


116 


83 


319 


129 


82 


292 


118 


74 


308 


134 


81 


307 


130 


83 


298 


113 


87 



Bill. 

77 

75 

67.5 

71.5 

74 

78 

72 

75 

77 

72 

73 

77 

74 



1 Cyanocephalus. s Tayazu-guira. 

Measurements of females. 



Wing. 


Tail. 


Tarsus. 


310 


128 


77 


310 


125 


83 


316 


127 


79 


300 


120 


77 


320 


127 


83 


313 


118 


81 


318 


123 


80 


295* 


115 


77 


296 


106 


80 


280 


101 


78 


285 


99 


78 


311 


117 


83 


298 


120 


87 


289 


119 


77 



Bill. 



Bertrand Island, Chile, immature i : 

Do. 1 

Do. 1 

Straits of Magellan, immature x 

Temuco, immature 1 

Temuco, adult 1 

Do. 1 

Falkland Island, immature 2 

Falkland Island, adult 2 

Tan del Valle, Tucuman, immature 

Embarcacion, Salta, immature 2 

Vinto, Bolivia, immature * 

Puno, Titicaca, immature 2 

Calca, Peru, adult 2 



70 

72 

72 

71 

73 

67 

70 

71 

71.5 

66 

68 

67 

75 

70 



1 Cyanocephalus. * Tayazu-guira. 

(483) TIGRISOMA SALMONI Sclater and Salvin. 

Tigrisoma salmoni Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1875, p. 38 (Lower 
Cauca River, Col.). — Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 102 (Idma). 



BIRD LIFE IN THE UKUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 55 

Order ANSERIFORMES. 

Family ANATIDAE. 

DUCKS, GEESE, SWANS. 

(501) CHLOEPHAGA MELANOPTERA (Eyton). 

Anser melanopterus Eyton, Monog. Anat., 1838, p. 93 (Lake Titicaca). 
Bernicla melanoptera Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 157 (Pitu- 
marca; Tinta). 

Common in the Puna Zone. 

Occobamba Pass, 14,000 feet, 1 male (July 25, mated) ; La Raya, 
1 female. 

(513) ANAS CBISTATA ALTICOLA Menegaux. 

Atias cristata alticola Menegaux, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, vol. 10, 1909, p. 224 
(Lake Poopo, Bolivia). 

Compared with a large series from the Magellan region, Peruvian 
specimens confirm the validity of this race. 

Cedrobamba, 13,000 feet, 1 male (breeding June 4). (We have 
also four specimens from Lake Junin.) 

(517) NETTION OXYPTEEUM (Meyen). 

Anas oxyptera Meyen, Nov. Act., vol. 16, 1833, Suppl., p. 121, pi. 26 (southern 

Peru). 
Querquedula oxyptera Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 157 

(Tungasuca; Tinta). 

Occobamba Pass, 1 male. 

(521) DAFILA SPINICAUDA (Vieillot). 

Anas spinicauda Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., 1816, p. 135 (Buenos Aires). 
Dajila spinicauda Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 157 (Tungasuca; 
Tinta). 

(524) QUERQUEDULA PUNA (Tschudi). 

Anas puna Tschudi, Arch, fur Naturg., 1844, p. 315 (Peru). 

Querquedula puna Sclater and Salvin, Proc Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 157 (Tungasuca). 

(527) QUERQUEDULA CYANOPTERA ORINOMUS Oberholser. 

Querquedula orinomus Oberholser, Proc Biol. Soc. Wash., 1906, p. 93 (Puna, 

Lake Titicaca). 
Querquedula cyanoptera Sclater and Salvin, Proc Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 17 

(Tungasuca). 

(529) SPATULA PLATALEA (Vieillot). 

Anas platalea Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., vol. 5, 1816, p. 157 (Buenos 

Aires). 
Spatula platalea Sclater and Salvin, Proc Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 17 (Tungasuca). 

(537) OXYURA FERRUGINEA (Eyton). 

Erismatura ferruginea Eyton, Monog. Anat., 1838, p. 70 (Chile). — Berlepsch 
and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 105 (Vilcabamba). 

La Raya, 1 male. 



56 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(545) MERGANETTA LEUCOGENYS LEUCOGENYS (Tschudi). 

Anas leucogenis Tschudi, Arch, fiir Naturg., 1843, vol. 1, p. 390 (Andes of Peru). 
Merganetta leucogenys Sclater and Salvin, 1869, p. 157 (Tinta). 

Common in the streams of the Temperate Zone; less common in 
the Subtropical Zone. The female differs from the female of the 
Columbian species in the vermiculations of the sides of the neck, as 
described by Taczanowski. A pair seen July 22, in the Huaracondo 
Canyon were accompanied by two young in the down. 

Occobamba Valley, 9,100 ft., 1 male, 1 female (mated); Lucma, 
11,000 feet, 1 female; Huaracondo Canyon, 10,000 feet, 1 male, 1 
female, 2 young (one family) . 

Order PELECANIFORMES. 

Family PHALACROCORACIDAE. 

CORMORANTS. 

(549) PHALACROCORAX VIGUA VIGUA (Vieillot). 

Hydrocoraxvigua Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., vol. 8, 1817, p. 90 (Paraguay). 
Phalacrocorax brasilianus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 17 (Tunga- 

suca). 
Phalacrocorax vigua Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 102 (Santa Ana), 

Noted on the Urubamba between Santa Ana and Chauillay Bridge. 

Order CATHARTIFORMES. 

Family CATHARTIDAE. 

CONDORS, VULTURES. 

(565) SARCORAMPHUS GRYPHUS (Linnaeus). 

Vultur grypkus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, 1758, p. 12 (Chile). 

Two condors were observed soaring high over the Urubamba River 
several miles above San Miguel Bridge. At Colpani, at the upper 
border of the arid Tropics, one was observed only a few hundred 
feet above the river, the condor, the black vulture, and turkey 
vulture all being observed at practically the same altitude on that 
day (July 9). 

(567) CATHARISTA URUBU (Vieillot). 

Vultur urubu Vieillot, Ois. Amer. Sept., vol. 1, 1807, p. 23, pi. 2. (Carolina and 
Florida). 

Observed in the arid Tropics of the Santa Ana region. No speci- 
mens secured. 

(568) CATHARTES AURA (subspecies?). 

Vultur aura Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, 1758, p. 86 (America calidiore). 
Observed in the arid Tropics. No specimens taken. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE UEUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 57 

Order ACCIPITRIFORMES. 

Family FALCONIDAE. 

CARACARAS, FALCONS, HAWKS, Etc. 

(576) IBYCTER MEGALOPTERUS (Meyen). 

Aquila megaloptera Meyen, Nov. Act. Caes., vol. 16, Suppl. 1, 1834, p. 64, pi. 7 

(Chile). 
Milvago megalopt&rus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 155 (Tinta). 

Inhabits the Puna Zone. 

Above Torontoy, 14,000 feet, 1 male; Lucma, 13,000 feet, 1 male. 

(583) CIRCUS CINEREUS Vicillot. 

Circus cinereus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., vol. 4, 1816, p. 454 (Para- 
guay).— Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 155 (Tinta). 

Ttica-Ttica, 1 male adult. 

(593) PARABUTEO UNICINCTUS (Temminck). 

Falco unicinctus Temminck, PL Col., vol. 1, 1824, pi. 313 (Brazil). 

Anterior unicinctus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 99 (Santa Ana). 

(615) BUTEO ERYTHRONOTUS (King). 

Haliaetus erythronotus, King, Zool. Journ., vol. 3, 1827, p. 424 (Straits Magellan). 
Buteo erythronotus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zcol. Soc, 1869, p. 155 (Tinta). 

We did not secure this species in the Urubamba region but in 
identifying the specimens of Buteo poecilochrous mentioned later > 
I have had occasion to examine our remaining specimens of this 
group from Puno, Lake Titicaca and southward to the Falkland 
Islands, and conclude that they are all referable to Buteo erythronotus. 
The series includes adults, or nearly adult birds, which are unmis- 
takably erythronotus, from Puno, Lake Titicaca, Tofo, 60 miles north 
of Coquimbo, Chile; Tafi del Valle, Province Tucuman, Argentina; 
Uspallata Pass above Mendoza, Argentina, and the Falkland Islands. 
The remaining specimens present much variation due to age and 
dichromatism. Generally speaking, immature birds, in what I assume 
is postjuvenal plumage (first year) are broadly streaked below with black, 
or dark brown, the upper parts are fuscous with a minimum amount 
of ochraceous, the tail is dark gray narrowly and evenly barred with 
black, with no broader subterminal bar. In the succeeding plumage 
(second year) only the throat and breast are streaked, the abdominal 
region being thickly covered with broad, sometimes confluent ferru- 
ginous bars; there is usually more ochraceous or ferruginous in the 
dorsal surface, and at least a trace of a broad subterminal bar in 
some of the rectrices. In the following plumage (third year) the 
streaks have largely or wholly disappeared from the white breast, 
leaving the abdomen as in the preceding plumage; the ferruginous 
in the back has increased, in some specimens occupying the greater 
part of the dorsal surface much as in the adult, the subterminal tail 
bar is nearly if not quite as broad as in the adult, the rectrices are 



58 



BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



white, narrowly but evenly barred with blackish. This is followed by 
the fully adult plumage with white underparts, the bars, if any, 
confined to the sides and flanks, the tail white with broken bars or 
none, except a broad subterminal band, the back practically solid 
ferruginous. All but the tail-characters may be obscured by partial 
or complete melanism or ery thrism. Thus an individual which has the 
tail of the postjuvenal plumage, is elsewhere almost wholly black, 
while two nearly adult birds from Puno and one from Tafi del Valle 
have the throat, breast and tibiae dark slate, the abdominal region 
rich chestnut more or less obscured with blackish in two specimens, 
in which the ferruginous above is also obscured with black. These 
comments are based on a series of 24 females. Apparently similar 
changes occur in the male, but my series of seven specimens of which 
singularly enough four are adult with white underparts and gray 
back, is too small to warrant a definite statement in this respect. 

The series as a whole indicates that eryihronotus is never wholly 
gray below and if this be true it seems evident that the relationships 
of poliosomus are with the poecilocTirous-Tiypospodius group of which 
it may be the southern representative. 

Measurements of Buteo erythronotus. 



Place. 



Puno, Peru 

Tafi del Valle, Province of Tucuman, Argen- 
tina. 

Do 

Do 

Mendoza, Argentina 

Tofo, Chile 

Falkland Islands 

Puno, Peru 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Tafi del Valle, Province of Tucuman, Argen- 
tina. 



Do. 
Do, 
Do. 
Do, 



Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Mendoza, Argentina... 

Do 

Do 

Tofo, Chile 

Do 

Santa Cruz, Argentina. 

Tierra del Fuego 

Falkland Islands 



Sex and age. 



Male adult 

Male, first year . 



do 

Male, third year. 

Male, adult 

do 



do 

Female, first year 

Female, third" year. . . . 
Female, adult, melan. 

do 

Female, first year 



.do. 
.do. 
.do. 



Female, first year, me- 
lan. 

Female, second year... 

do 

Female, third year 

Female, adult 

Female, first year 

Female, second year. . . 

do 

Female, adult 

do 

Female, second year... 

Female, third year. . . . 

Female, second year, 
melan. 



Wing. Tail. 



355 
390 

362 
363 
365 
363 
363 
402 
418 
397 
404 
388 

409 
402 
408 
410 

388 
399 
406 
417 
384 
383 
394 
392 
377 
393 
400 
404 



188 
228 

220 
207 
193 
192 
193 
234 
238 
215 
211 
235 

236 

242 
244 
238 

219 
224 
225 
228 
237 
219 
224 
200 
204 
230 
232 
220 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERCT. 59 

(618) BUTEO POECrLOCHROUS Gurney. 

Buteo poecilochrous Gurnet, Ibis, 1879, p. 176 (Yanayacu, Ecuador). 
Buteo melanosternus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, vol. 13, 1906, p. 104 
(Cuzco). 

No two of four hawks from La Raya are quite alike, nevertheless 
it is evident that they represent but one species. They agree in size 
with the measurements given for poecilochrous and an adult female 
agrees minutely with Gurney's description of that bird. A second 
female is mixed rufous and brown above with the abdominal region 
nearly uniform dark brown, the breast more ochraceous, the throat 
streaked with blackish, the tail gray, inner vanes of outer feathers 
and both vanes of central feathers whiter, all marked with wavy, 
darker gray bars which are more regular on the lateral feathers. The 
third female is apparently more adult, being intermediate between 
the one just described and the bird resembling Gurney's type. The 
male agrees with Gurney's plate of Buteo Jiypospodius 28 but has the 
lower abdomen and tibiae barred with gray and white, the throat 
white narrowly streaked with gray. An adult male from Mount 
Chimborazo, Ecuador, agrees closely with Gurney's plate in color 
but resembles the La Raya bird in size (see measurements that fol- 
low). If, as I assume, it represents the fully adult male of poecilo- 
chrous it is to be distinguished from the adult male of Jiypospodius only 
bv its larger size. 

Measurements of Buteo poecilochrous. 



Place. 


Sex and age. 


Wing. 


Tail. 


Chimborazo, Ecuador 

La Raya, Peru 


Male adult 


420 
410 
419 
468 
447 
478 


217 


do 


216 


"Chile" 


do 


224 


La Rava, Peru 


Female, adult 


247 


Do 

Do 


Female, second year 

Female, third year 


247 
253 



(626) RUPORNIS MAGNIROSTRIS OCCIDUA Bangs. 

Rupornis magnirostris occid.ua Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 24, 1911, p. 

187 (Rio Tambopata, Peru). 
Rupornis nattereri Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 99 (Santa Ana). 

These birds are intermediate between magnirostris and nattereri. 
They are in molt, the older plumage being brownish much as in 
nattereri, while the ingrowing plumage is grayer and more like that 
of magnirostris. The female is as gray below as the grayest mag- 
nirostris while the male has as much cinnamon on the chest and bars 
of the underparts as in some specimens of nattereri from Chapada, 
Matto Grosso. 

Eio Comberciato, 1 male, 1 female. 

» Ibis, 1876, pi. 3. ~ 



60 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(650) SPIZIASTUR MELANOLEUCUS (Vieillot). 

Spizaetus melanoleucus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., 1816, vol. 4, p. 482 

(Guiana). 
Geranoa'etus melanoleucus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 155 

(Tungasuca). 

(658) CHONDROHIERAX UNCINATUS (Temminck). 

Falco uncinatus Temminck, PI. Col., vol. 1, 1824, pis. 103-105 (Rio Janeiro), 
Leptodon uncinatus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 99 (Echarate).. 

Idma, 1 female. 

(669) FALCO FUSCO-CAERULESCENS Vieillot. 

Falco fusco-caerulescens Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., vol. 11, 1817, p. 90 

(Paraguay). 
Hypotriorchis femoralis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1869, p. 155 (Tinta). 

La Raya, female adult. 

(677) CERCHNEIS SPARVERIA subspecies. 

Tinnunculus sparverius Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 155 (Tinta) - y 

1876, p. 17 (Maranura; Potrero). 
Tinnunculus sparverius cinnamominus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906,. 

p. 100 (Santa Ana). 

The sparrow hawk ranges from the Tropical Zone to the Puna and 
is ever} 7 where more or less common. Pending a revision of the 
forms of this species, for which we have been some time securing 
specimens, I make no attempt to determine sub-specifically the fol- 
lowing examples. 

Santa Ana, 1 female; Torontoy, 1 female; Ollantaytambo, 3 males. 
3 females; Chospiyoc, 1 female; Ttica-Ttica, 1 male, 1 female; Calca,. 
1 male; Cuzco, 1 male, 2 females. 

Order STRIGIFORMES. 

Family BUBONIDAE. 

OWLS. 

(684) BUBO VIRGINIANUS NACURUTU (Vieillot). 

Strix nacurutu Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., vol. 7, 1817, p. 44 (Paraguay). 
Bubo virginianus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 155 (Tinta). 

Two specimens appear to be inseparable from a male from Corumba,. 
Brazil, and a female from Fort Wheeler, Paraguay, both of which 
may be considered as topo typical of nacurutu. These four birds are 
quite unlike three from the Straits of Magellan region (Tierra del 
Fuego, London Island, Rio Gallegos). The latter have the black 
markings, especially of the upper parts, of greater extent more in- 
tense and without a brownish tinge, the ochraceous markings much 
paler and less extensive and the pattern above much finer, the 



BIED LIFE IN THE UETjBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 61 

vermiculations smaller. This material, therefore, evidently repre- 
sents two well-marked races, for which Vieillot's name is applicable 
to the more northern. 
Ttica-Ttica, 1; Ollantaytambo, 1. 

(691-692) OTUS CHOLIBA (Vieillot). 

Strix choliba Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., vol. 7, 1817, p. 39 (Paraguay). 
Pisorhina choliba Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 99 (Santa Ana). 

Found only in the Tropical Zone. 

Rio Comborciato, 1 female; rufous phase (egg in duct, Sept. 13) 
Santa Ana, 1 male, 1 female; reddish brown phase; 1 female nestling 
(July 16). 

(70S) CICCABA HUHULA (Daudin). 

Strix huhula Daudin, Traits Elem. et Complet d'Orn., vol. 2, 1800, p. 190 

(Cayenne). 
Syrnium huhulum Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 99 (Santa Ana). 

(716) SPEOTYTO CUNICULARIA JUNINENSIS Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Speotyto cunicularia juninensis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc., 

1902, vol. 2, p. 41 (Junin, Peru). 
Phohoptynx cunumlaria Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 155 

(Tinta). 

This specimen is somewhat paler than any one of a series of six 
from Junin. 

Pampa of Anta, near Huaracondo, 11,000 feet, 1 male. 

(720) GLAUCIDIUM BRASILIANUM, subspecies. 

Strix brasiliana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, 1788, p. 289 (Brazil). 

An adult, in the gray phase of plumage, from the Temperate Zone. 
Ollantaytambo, 1 male. 

(724) TYTO PERLATA, subspecies. 

Strix perlata Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 155 (Tinta). 

Strix flammea perlata Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 99 (Santa Ana). 

Order PSITTACIFORMES. 

Family PSITTACIDAE. 

MACAWS, PARROTS, PARRAKEETS. 

(756) ARATINGA MITRATA MITRATA (Tschudi). 

Conurus mitratus Tschudi, Wiegm. Arch, fur Naturg., 1844, p. 304 (Peru); 
Berlepsch and Stoi.zm-vnn, Ornis. 1906, p. 99 (Idma). 

All our specimens were taken in the Subtropical Zone between 
April 28 and July 20. We have also seven specimens taken in this 
zone in Bolivia (Province Cochabamba and Province Santa Cruz) 
between September 24 and November 6. 

This species has been said to visit the Temperate Zone at certain 
seasons, attracted by crops of grain, but our specimens from Cuzco 



62 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

in the Temperate Zone, are clearly separable as a distinct though 
obviously representative form, the characters of which are discussed 
in connection with its description. 

San Miguel Bridge (6,000 feet), 4 (June 29-July 20); Toronto? 
(8,000 feet), 5 (Apr. 28-July 20). 

ARATINGA MITRATA ALTICOLA, new subspecies. 

Subspecific characters. — Similar to Aratinga mitrata miirata (Tschu- 
di), but general color darker, less yellow, the under parts somewhat 
glaucous, the frontal band narrower, the cheeks with but few red 
feathers, the tibiae with no red. 

Type.~No. 129,136, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., male adult, Cuzco, 
11,000 feet, November- 16, 1914; H. and C. Watkins. 

Specimens examined. — Aratinga mitrata alticola. Peru: Type- 
locality, 1 male, 2 females. Aratinga mitrata mitrata. Peru: San 
Miguel Bridge, Urubamba Canyon, 6,000 feet, 1 male, 3 females; 
Torontoy, 7,800 feet, 4 males, 1 female. Bolivia: Tujima, 8,200 
feet, Province of Cochabamba, 1 male, 1 female: Mizque, 7,500 feet, 
Province of Cochabamba, 1 male, 3 females; Rio Grande, 3,600 feet, 
Province of Santa Cruz, 1 (?). 

Remarks. — The bird here described is evidently a zonal represen- 
tative of Aratinga mitrata mitrata of which our 16 specimens are all 
from the Subtropical Zone, while alticola is a form of the Temperate 
Zone. Bolivian specimens of mitrata from the Subtropical Zone, 
when due allowance is made for seasonal variation, apparently agree 
with our Peruvian examples of this race from the same zone, showing 
that, in its zone, the species presents no racial variation in an area 
over 500 miles in length. When, however, in traveling but a few 
miles one passes from the Subtropical to the Temperate Zone, one goes 
also from the range of mitrata into that of alticola. Although so 
closely related to mitrata that its derivation from that form seems 
unquestionable, and although the ranges of the two forms merge into 
each other, our series of 19 specimens contains no examples which can 
not at once be referred to one form or the other. All the 16 specimens 
of mitrata have red on the tibiae, a variable number of red feathers 
scattered through the plumage, and only one is without red on the 
eye region. On the other hand, three specimens of alticola have no 
red on the tibiae, while the red in the body plumage is restricted to a 
narrow frontal band, the lores and a few feathers on the sides of the 
head. The differences in the tone of green mentioned in the diagnosis 
hold good throughout the series. 

Lacking specimens of A.frontatus, I can make no comparison with 
that species in which the bend of the wing, tibiae, and crown, as well 
as forehead, are described as " scarlet." 



BIRD LIFE IN THE UMJBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 63 

(760) ARATINGA LEUCOPHTHALMA (Mttller). 

Psittacus leucophthalmus, P. L. S. Muller, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, p. 75 (Guiana). 

A male has more or less red on the cheeks and bend of the wing, and 
measures wing, 180, tail, 150.5, culm en 31 mm. We have no topo- 
typical specimens. (On the variations of this species see Hellmayr, 
Nov. Zool., vol. 14, 1907, p. 85.) 

Rio Cosireni, 1 male. 

(803) AMOROPSITTACA ANDICOLA (Finsch). 

Psittacula andicola Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1874, p. 90 (Paucartambo, Peru) 
Bolborhynchus orbignesius Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 154 

(Tinta). 
Bolborhynchus andicola Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Omis, 1906, p. 104 (Vilca- 

bamba). 

Ranges from the Subtropical to the Temperate Zone. 
San Miguel Bridge, 2; Huaracondo Canyon, 2; Chospiyoc, 3; 
Calca, 1 ; Pisac, 1 . 

(834) AMAZONA FARINOSA INORNATA (Salvador!). 

Chrysotu inornata Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 20, 1891, p. 281 
(Veragua). 

Agrees with a specimen from Gatun, Canal Zone. Ridgway (Bull- 
U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 50, pt. 7) states that this form intergrades with 
true farinosa. 

Rio Comberciata, 1 female (Sept. 25, breeding). 

(835) AMAZONA MERCENARIA (Tschudi). 

Psittacus mercenaria Tschudi, Faun. Per., 1846, p. 270, pi. 27 (Peru). 
Amazona mercenaria Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 99 (Idma). 

Order CORACIIFORMES. 

Family ALCEDINIDAE. 

KINGFISHERS. 

(899) CHLOROCERYLE AMERICANA AMERICANA (Gmelin). 

Alcedo americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, 1788, p. 451 (Cayenne). 

Ceryle americana Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 96 (Santa Ana). 

Family MOMOTIDAE. 

MOTMOTS. 

(917) MOMOTUS AEQUATORIALIS CHLOROLAEMUS Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Momotus aequatorialis chlorolaemus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc, 
1902, vol. 2, p. 35 (Occobamba, Peru); Omis, 1906, p. 96 (Idma). 

Colombian specimens average browner both above and below, but 
several specimens in a series of 15 very nearly match the bird listed 
below. 

Rio San Miguel, 4,500 feet, 1 female. 



64 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

Family CAPRIMULGIDAE. 

NIGHTJARS. 

(938) UROPSALIS LYRA (Bonaparte). 

Hydropsalis lyra Bonaparte, Consp. Av., vol. 1, 1850, p. 59 (Colombia). 
tMacropsalis lyra peruana Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 121 (Marca- 
pata, Peru). 

Our single specimen agrees in size and essentially in color, with a 
female from near Honda, Colombia. Berlepsch and Stolzmann ap- 
pear to have based their proposed Peruvian race on comparison of 
but one specimen from Peru, with a male from Merida, Venezuela. 
In view of this circumstance, it does not seem to be desirable to 
recognize at present a Peruvian form. 

Torontoy, 1 female adult. 

(943) HYDROPSALIS TOKQUATA (Gxielin). 

Caprimulgus torquatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, 1789, p. 1032 (Brazil). 
Hydropsalis torquata Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1908, p. 96 (Idma). 

Two specimens are somewhat darker than specimens from Matto 
Grosso, Santarem, and Bahia. 

Rio Cosireni, 2 females (Aug. 27, eggs in ducts). 

(948) NYCTIDROMUS ALBICOLLIS, subspecies. 

Caprimulgus albicollis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, 1789, p. 1030 (Cayenne). 

An adult male from the Tropical Zone agrees in general tone of 
color with a male from the Essequibo River (wing, 146 ; tail, 146 mm.), 
and is intermediate in size between that form and derhyanus. Addi- 
tional material is required to determine the status of the south Pe- 
ruvian bird. 

Rio Cosireni, 1 male. 

(955) THERMOCHALC1S RUFICERVIX (Sclater). 

Stenopsis ruficervix Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1866, p. 140, pi. 14 (Colombia). 

A single immature specimen furnishes no basis for comparison of 
Peruvian with Colombian material. 
Chospiyoc, 1 immature. 

(964) ANTROSTOMUS NIGRESCENS Cabanis. 

Antrostomus nigrescens Cabanis, Schomb. Reis. Guian., vol. 3, 1848, p. 710, 
(British Guiana). 

This specimen is slightly larger than British Guiana birds and has 
the wings more spotted, characters of subspecific value if they are 
constant. 

Rio Cosireni, 1 female. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 65 

Family MICROPODIDAE. 

SWIFTS. 

(968) STREPTOPROCNE ZONARIS ZONARIS (Shaw). 

Eirundo zonaris Shaw, in Mill. Cim. Phys., 1796, p. 100, pi. 55 (no type locality, 
Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil, proposed as type locality; see Chapman, Bull. 
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 33, 1914, p. 604). 

Chaetura zonaris Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 96 (Santa Ana). 

Two specimens from the Tropical Zone agree in size with Matto 
Grosso specimens and in color and size with a specimen from near 
Rio. The latter was collected in 1916, while the Chapada birds, 
collected in 1883-1885, have evidently faded materially and are 
therefore browner in tone than freshly collected specimens. 

Compared with the type of altissima, the two Peruvian birds have 
a narrower breast-band, less evident whitish margins on the bend of 
the wing, a darker forehead, and a bluer tone of color and are slightly 
smaller in size. 

Lower Urubamba Canyon, altitude, 4,000 feet, 1 male, 1 female. 

(983) CYPSELOIDES BRUNNEITORQUES BRUNNEITORQUES (Lafreenaye). 

Chaetura brunneitorques Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1844, p. 81 (Colombia). 
Cypseloides brunneitorques Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 96 (Idma). 

Our two specimens are from the Subtropical Zone. They agree 
with Colombian birds. The female has a broad rufous collar not so 
clear in color as in a Colombian male. 

Torontoy, 1 male, 1 female. 

(989a) MICROPUS PARVULUS Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

M. andecolus parvulus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1892, p. 384, 

prov. descr. footnote (lea, Peru). 
Mcropus peruvianus Chapman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 32, 1919, p. 253, 

fig. 2. (OUantaytambo, Peru.) 

Specific characters. — Resembling Micropus andecolus (Lafresnaye 
and d'Orbigny), but tail shorter, less deeply forked, white areas of 
the plumage without buffy tints, forehead darker, basal under tail 
coverts with much less white. Tailed forked for 13.5 mm. 

Common in the Temperate Zone and ranging downward to the 
upper limits of the Subtropical Zone. Doctor Hellmayr calls my 
attention to a provisional description of this form, as quoted above. 

OUantaytambo, 2; Huaracondo Canyon, 2; Torontoy. 2. 

(991) MICROPUS MONTIVAGUS (d'Orbigny). 

Cypselus montivagus d'ORBiGNY, Voy. Amer. Mer., 1835-1844, p. 357, pi. 42, fig. 
1 (Samaypata, Bolivia). 

Compared with a female from the Province of Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 
this Peruvian bird is blacker and has no white in the tail. 
Torontoy, 1 female. 

2787—21 5 



66 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

Family TROCHILIDAE. 

HUMMINGBIRDS. 

(1005) PHOETHORNIS GUY EMILIAE Bourcier and Mulsant. 

Phoethornis emiliae Bourcier and Mulsant, Ann. Sci. Phys. et Nat. Lyon, 

vol. 9, 1846, p. 317 (Bogota). 
Phaethornis guyi Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Huiro). 

Agrees with Colombian specimens but has the white terminal part 
of the central rectrices narrower. 
Rio San Miguel, 4,500 feet, 1 male. 

(1057) EUPETOMENA MACROURA HIRUNDO Gould. 

Eupetomena hirundo Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 16, 1875, p. 370 (Huiro, 
Santa Ana Valley, Peru), Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 18 
(Huiro). 

Eupetomena macroura hirundo Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornie, 1906, p. 94 
(Santa Ana). 

Common at Santa Ana. 

Santa Ana, 3 males, 1 female (July 10-16). 

(1065) PATAGONA GIGAS (Vieillot). 

Trochilus gigas Vieillot, Gal. Ois., vol. 1, 1825, p. 296, pi. 180 ("Bresil"). 
Patagona gigas Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 154 (Tinta). 

A common species in the arid Temperate and Puna Zones. Our 
specimens were taken in the months of April, July, and November. 
A male collected in the last-named month is marked by Heller as 
"breeding." 

La Raya, 1 male, 1 female; Pisac, 2 males, 4 females; Cuzco, 
4 males, 2 females; Ttica-Ttica, 1 male, 1 female; Huaracondo 
Canyon, 1 male, 1 female; Chospiyoc, 3 males; Ollantaytambo, 3 
males, 3 females. 

(1066) LEUCIPPUS LEUCOGASTER (Tschudi). 

Trochilus leucogaster Tschudi, Arch, fur Naturg., 1844, vol. 1, p. 297 (Peru). 
Leucippus chionogaster Sclater and Salvin, Proc Zool. Soc, 1876, 
p. 17 (Huiro). 

Santa Ana, 1 female (July 15). 

(1068) LEUCIPPUS VIRIDICAUDA Berlepsch. 

Leucippus viridicauda Berlepsch, Ibis, 1883, p. 493 (Huiro, Peru); Ornis, 1906, 
p. 96 (Idma). 

Ranges from the Subtropical to the Temperate Zone. 

Idma, 1 female, 1 ? (July 14) ; San Miguel Bridge, 3 males, 1 fe- 
male (June 18-July 18); Ollantaytambo, 1 male, 1 female (Nov. 12; 
breeding) . 

(1150) CHLOROSTILBON PRASINUS DAPHNE Gould. 

Chlorostilbon daphne Gould, Introd. Troch., 1861, p. 177 (Pampas del Sacramento, 

Peru). 
Chlorostilbon prasinus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 17 (Huiro). 
Chlorostilbon prasinus daphne Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 96 

(Santa Ana). 

Santa Ana, 4 males, (July 15) ; San Miguel Bridge, 4 males (June 
29-July9). 



BIKD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 67 

(1189) COLIBRI CYANOTCS (Bourcier and Mulsant). 

TrocMlus cyanotus Bourcier and Mulsant, Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyon, vol. 6, 1844, 
p. 41 (Caracas). — Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 95 (Idma). 

(1190) COLIBRI IOLATA (Gould). 

Petasophora iolata Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1847, p. 9 (Bolivia). 
Colibri iolatus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 95 (Idma). 

This ^ide-ranging species is common in the Temperate Zone and 
two specimens were taken in the Subtropical Zone. 

Idma, 1 male (Oct. 13); Torontoy, 1 male (Apr. 26); Ollantay- 
tambo, 1 male, 2 females (July 5); Chospiyoc, 2 males (Apr. 21); 
Pisac, 5 males, 1 ? (Apr. 17-18); Ttica-Ttica, 3 males, 3 females 
(July 2-3). 

(1212) OREOTROCHILUS ESTELLA (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye). 

Trochilus estella d'ORBiGNY and Lafresnaye, Mag. de Zool., 1838, p. 32 (Mojos, 
Bolivia). 

Common in the Puna Zone. 

Above Machu Picchu, 13,000 feet, 1 male (June 11); Ttica-Ttica, 
5 males, 1 female (July 2). 

(1228-1230) HELIODOXA LEADBEATERI Bourcier and Mulsant. 

Heliodoxa leadbeateri Bourcier and Mulsant, Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyon, vol. 6, 
1843, p. 43 (Caracas). 

The females listed below and one from Locotal, Bolivia, are less 
solidly -green below than some Colombian specimens and lack the 
bronze tint of others, but there is so much variation shown by Colom- 
bian specimens in this respect, that the differences mentioned can- 
not certainly be considered as racial. I am unable to separate males 
from Bolivia, Peru, Colombia and Merida, Venezuela. 

Idma, 1 male, 2 females (July 14). 

(1244) HELIANTHEA OSCULANS Gould. 

Helianihea osculans Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1871, p. 503 (Esachupata, Peru). 
Torontoy, 2 males (May 6, July 21). 

(1253) HELIANTHEA INCA (Gould). 

Bourcieria inca Gould, Contr. Orn., 1852, p. 136 (Coroico, Bolivia). 

We have no Bolivian specimens. 

San Miguel Bridge, 1 ? (July 19); Torontoy, 3 males (July 20-21), 
1 male (Nov. 2). 

(1256) HELIANTHEA COELIGENA OBSCURA (Berlepsch and Stolzmann). 

Lampropygia columbiana obscura Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc, 
1902, vol. 2, p. 23 (Vitoc, Peru); Ornis, 1906, p. 95 (Idma). 

Differs from an excellent topotypical series of columbiana as 
described by Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 
Idma, 1 male, 1 female (July 14). 



68 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(1272) PTEROPHANES CYANOPTERUS (Fraser). 

Trochilus cyanopterus Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1840, p. 17 ("Sta. Fe de Bo- 
gota"). 

P. temminchi Boissonneau, cf. Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 
vol. 63, 1919, p. 24. 

Apparently inseparable from Bogota specimens. 
Cedrobamba, 14,000 feet, 2 females (June 8). 

(1277) AGLAEACTIS CASTELNAUDI (Bourcier and Mulsant). 

Trochilus castelnaudi Bourcier and Mulsant, Rev. Zool., 1848, p. 270 (Cuzco). 
Above Ollantaytambo, 1 male (Nov. 7, breeding). 

(1281) BOISSONNEAUA MATTHEWSI (Bourcier). 

Trochilus mattheivsi Bourcier, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1847, p. 43 (Peru). 

Panoplites matthewsi Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Huiro). 

Boissonneaua matthewsi Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 95 (Idma). 

Idma, 1 male, 1 female (July 12, 13); San Miguel Bridge, 3 males 
(June 18, 19); 1 female (July 8). 

(1293) VESTIPEDES SAPPHIROPYGIA (Taczanowski). 

Eriocnemis sapphiropygia Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1874, p. 139 (Ma- 
raynioc, Peru). 

I have seen no other specimens. 

Above Machu Picchu, 13,000 feet, 1 male (May 21). 

(1313) OCREATUS ANNAE (Berlepsch and Stolzmann). 

Spathura annae Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ibis, 1894, p. 398 (Chanchamayo, 

Peru); Ornis, 1906, p. 95 (Idma). 
? Steganura addae Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Huiro). — 

Berlepsch and Stolzmann, OrDis, 1906, p. 95. 

Idma, 2 males, 3 females (July 12-14) ; San Miguel Bridge, 1 female 
(July 20); Kio San Miguel, 1 female (Oct. 4). 

(1321) ADELOMYIA MELANOGENYS CHLOROSPILA Gould. 

Adelomyia chlorospila Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 452 (San Antonio, 

' ' Peruvian Andes " ) . 
Adelomyia melanogenys Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 96 (Idma). 

Compared with a series of A. melanogenys maculata from Ecuador, 
these birds have the tail tips equally broad, somewhat deeper in 
color and more rounded terminally, the bases of the rectrices with 
less or with no pale brownish. 

Idma, 1 male (July 14); San Miguel Bridge, 1 female, 1 ? (July 19). 

(1330) HELIANGELUS AMETHYSTICOLLIS (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye). 

Orthorhynchus amethysticollis d'ORBiGNY and Lafresnaye, Mag. de Zool., vol. 8, 
1838, p. 31 (Yuracares, Bolivia). 

We have no Bolivian specimens. 

Torontoy, 8,000 feet, 1 male (Nov. 2); Gedrobamba, 12,000 feet 
1 male (June 6). 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 69 

(1346) METALLURA AENEOCAUDA (Gould). 

Trochilus aeneocauda Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1846, p. 87 (Bolivia). 

Compared with Bolivian specimens, those from Peru have the 
throat yellower green, and the tail, seen from below, more coppery. 
Cedrobamba, 2 males, 2 females (May 23-June 16). 

(1350) METALLURA SMARAGDINICOLLIS SMARAGDINICOLLIS (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye). 

Orthorhynchus smaragdinicollis cTOrbigny and Lafresnaye, Mag. de Zool., vol. 8, 
1838, p. 31 (Yungas, Bolivia). 

Hartert 29 refers south Peruvian specimens to this form. I have 
no material for comparison. 

Torontoy, 10,700 feet, 1 (May 10). 

(1353) OREONYMPHA NOBILIS Gould. 

Oreonympha nobilis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 295 (Tinta, Peru). 

Common in the arid Temperate and Puna Zones. 

Ollantaytambo, 2 females (July 5, 12); Huaracondo Canyon, 
2 males, 3 females (July 23); Chospiyoc, 1 male, 1 female (Apr. 18 
and 20); Pisac, 4 females (Apr. 17-19); Cuzco, 1 male. 

(1382) CHALCOSTIGMA STANLEY! VULCANI (Gould). 

Ramphomicron vulcani Gould, Contrib. Orn., 1852, p. 135 (Bolivia). 

An adult male differs from an Ecuadorian series of stanleyi in 
having the purple of the back reach to the forehead, the underparts 
sooty with purplish reflections, the throat-pendant glittering plumb- 
eous rather than amethyst. It should apparently be referred to 
the Bolivian form of which, however, I have seen only an immature 
specimen. 

Idma Road, 11,200 feet, 1 male (Oct. 9); Occobamba Valley, 
9,100 feet, 1 female (Aug. 2). 

(1363) CHALCOSTIGMA OLIVACEUM (Lawrence). 

Ramphomicron olivaceus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. New York. 1864, vol. 8, p. 44 (La 
Paz). 

Agrees with a specimen from Maraynioc, but is considerably paler 
than an immature, poorly prepared specimen from La Paz, Bolivia. 
Lucma-Cosireni Pass, 11,400 feet, 1 male (Oct. 7). 

(1375) CYANOLESBIA MOCOA SMARAGDINA (Gould). 

Trochilus smaragdinus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc, 184G, p. 85 (Bolivia). 

Our specimens agree with others from Bolivia. 
Idma, 2 males (July 14). 

» Nov. Zool., 1899, p. 73. 



70 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(1391) PSALIDOPRYMNA NUNA (Lesson). 

Ornismya nuna Lesson, Suppl. Ois. Mouches, 1831, p. 169, p. 35 (Peru). 

Ollantaytambo, 3 males (Nov. 10-12, breeding), 1 ? (July 5); 
Chospiyoc, 2 males (Apr. 20); Galea, 3 females (Apr. 17-25); Pisac, 
1 female (Apr. 20), Cuzco, 1 male. 

(1418) CALLIPHLOX AMETHYSTINA (Gmelin). 

[ & Trochilus amethystina Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1788, vol. 1, p. 496 (Cayenne). 

Calliphlox amethystina Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 96 (Idnia). 

Agrees with a male from Merida, Venezuela. We have no Guiana 
specimens. 

Rio Cosireni, 1 male. 

(1420) CHAETOCERCUS MULSANTI (Bourcier). 

Ornismya mulsanti Bourcier, Ann. Sc. Phys. et Nat., Lyon, 1842, vol. 5, p. 344, 

pi. 20 (Colombia). 
Acestrura mulsanti Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Huiro). 

Order TROGONES. 

Family TROGONIDAE. 

TROGONS. 

(1451) PHAROMACHRUS ANTISIENSIS (d'Orbigny). 

Trogon antisiensis d'ORBiGNY, Mag. Zool., 1837, Class II, pi. 85 (Yungas, Bolivia). 
Pharomacrus antmanus Berlepsch amd Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 97 (Idma). 

(1452) PHAROMACHRUS AURICEPS (Gould). 

Trogon auriceps Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1842, vol. 9, p. 238 ("Quito"). 
Pharomacrus auriceps Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 97 (Idma). 

An adult male with enlarged testes, taken July 19, agrees in size with 
specimens from western Ecuador. Comparison of adequate series 
from eastern and western Ecuador shows that the former average 
larger and slightly greener. The differences, however, do not appear 
to be constant enough to warrant the recognition of two races. Nor 
in any event could this be done satisfactorily without an examination 
of Gould's type, which, said to have come from " Quito," may have 
been collected on either the Amazonian or Pacific slope of the Andes. 
A male from Incachaca, Province of Cochabamba, shows that this 
Trogon ranges throughout the Subtropical Zone from Venezuela to 
Bolivia. 

San Miguel Bridge, 1 male. 

(1457) TROGONURUS PERSONATUS (Gould). 

Trogon personatus Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, 1842, p. 237 (Andes of 
Peru).— Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 97 (Idma). 



BIRD LIFE IN THE UKUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 71 

(1458) TROGONURUS COLLARIS COLLARIS (Vieillot). 

Trogon collaris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., vol. 8, 1817, p. 330 (Cayenne). 

Apparently to be referred to this form rather than to virginalis of 
western Ecuador. The male has the white tail-bands even broader 
than in one from eastern Ecuador, which in default of Cayenne 
specimen I accept as representing collaris, but the female is more dusky 
on the lores and auriculars than an east Ecuador bird, though not so 
much so as in the west Ecuador bird. 

Rio Cosireni, 1 male, 1 female. 

(1467) TROGONURUS BOLIVIANUS (Grant). 

Trogon bolivianus Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 1890, vol. 17, p. 470, pi. 15 
(Cosnipata, Peru). 

Our specimens confirm the validity of this species, and show that 
it ranges at least from the Beni River in Bolivia to the base of the 
eastern Andes in Colombia. Specimens from the Provinces of Co- 
chabamba and Santa Cruz agree with a series from Chapada, Matto 
Grosso, and evidently represent Trogonurus variegatus. Hellmayr 30 
recognizes the Bolivian form under the name Trogon variegatus behni, 
on the basis of larger size and shorter white tips to the outer rectrices, 
but in the absence of topotypical specimens of variegatus I am unable 
to say whether our Bolivian birds are separable. There can, how- 
ever, be no doubt of their distinctness from bolivianus, which has 
broader black and narrower white bands on the tail; the throat, and 
breast largely or wholly purple, and with a narrower white band or 
none at all; and, as a rule, greener, less brassy back and bluer rectrices. 
These characters are most highly developed in our Colombian birds, 
but the Beni River specimen has less white in the tail than any other 
in the series. 

Specimens examined. — Trogonurus bolivianus. Bolivia: Beni 
River, 1 male, 1 female. Peru: Rio Tavara Gong. 70° 20'; lat. 
13° 25'), 1 male; Rio Cosireni, 2 males (the type locality is about 
halfway between these two places). Ecuador: 1. Colombia: La 
Morelia, 1 male, 1 female, tail imperfect; Andes above La Morelia 
(2,500 feet), 1 male. Trogonurus variegatus "behni." Bolivia: 
Roquefalda, Province Cochabamba, 1 male; RioChimoriS, Province 
of Cochabamba, 1 male; Todos Santos, Province of Cochabamba, 
5 females; Vermejo, Province of Santa Cruz, 2 males. Brazil: 
Chapada, Matto Grosso, 8 males, 2 females. 

»• Nov. Zool., 1908, vol. 15, p. 88. 



72 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

Order COCCYGES. 

Family CUCULIDAE. 

CUCKOOS, ANIS. 

(1488) PIAYA CAYANA OBSCURA Snethlage. 

Piaya cayana obscura Snethlage, Journ. fur Ornith., 1908, p. 21 (Bom Lugar, 

Rio Verde, upper Purus, Brazil). 
Piaya cayana boliviana Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1908 (pub. Jan., 

1909), p. 500 (Yungas, Bolivia). 
Piaya cayana Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 17 (Huiro). 
Piaya cayana nigricrissa Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 97 (Santa 

Ana). 

I am unable to separate our specimens from six from Bolivia 
(Locotal, 3 ; Rio Chapare, 3) and one from Tres Buritys River, Matto 
Grosso, Brazil. Hellmayr 31 refers specimens from Calama, Rio 
Madeira, to obscura, which apparently, therefore, is the name to 
be applied to birds from Bolivia and southern Peru. 

Rio Cosireni, 1; San Miguel Bridge, 1; Uchumayo, Urubamba 
Canyon, 1; Rio San Miguel, 1. 

(1496) TAPER A NAEVIA (Linnaeus). 

Cuculus naevius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, 1766, p. 170 (Cayenne). 
Diplopterus naevius Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 17 (Maranura). 
Taper a naevius Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 97 (Santa Ana). 

(1499) CROTOPHAGA ANI Linnaeus. 

Crotophaga am Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, 1758, p. 105 (Brazil). — Sclater and 
Salvin, Proc. Zool Soc, 1876, p. 17 (Maranura; Potrero). — Berlepsch and 
Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 97 (Santa Ana). 

A wide ranging species of the Tropical Zone. 
Santa Ana, 1; San Miguel Bridge, 3. 

Order SCANSORES. 

Family CAPITONIDAE. 

BARBETS. 

(1510a) CAPITO AURATUS INSPERATUS Cherrie. 

Capito auralus insperatus Cherrie, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 35, p. 391 

(Todos Santos, Rio Ghapar6, Bolivia). 
Capito punctatus (not Lesson ?), subspecies, Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 

vol. 13, 1906, p. 123 (Rio Cadena, southeastern Peru). 

Hellmayr 32 records specimens of Capito from the Province of 
Huanuco with which he writes birds from " Bogota" agree. Capito 
auratus auratus (Dumont) thus inhabits the tropical zone at the 
eastern base of the Andes from Colombia to northern Peru. A 

*i Nov. Zool., 1910, p. 401. 32 Nov. Zool., vol. 14, 1907, p, 82. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 73 

female from the Rio Cosireni, however, has an unspotted throat and 
is clearly, therefore, not to be referred to true auratus. The identifica- 
tion of this specimen has necessitated a study of the specimens of 
the auratus group in our collections, including topotypes of auran- 
tiicinctus Dalmas, and the type of insperatus Cherrie, to which, 
through the kindness of Mr. Bangs, has been added the type of 
lolivianus Ridgway, in which the following conclusions have been 
reached : 

CAPITO AURATUS AURATUS (Dumont). 

The female is distinguished from other members of the group by 
its heavily spotted throat. In the male the crown averages darker 
than in other forms, ranging from brownish olive to Saccardo's 
olive tinged anteriorly with old gold. Colombian specimens can be 
matched in this respect by Orinoco birds (aurantiicinctus) , but in 
the latter the crown averages paler, the yellow areas deeper, and 
the rump and abdomen are often marked with orange. 

Specimens examined — Colombia: Buena Vista, above Villa vicencio* 
4 males, 4 females; La Morelia, 1 female; " Bogota/'' 1 female 
Ecuador: Napo, 1 female; Marafion, 1 male; "Ecuador," 1 male. 

CAPITO AURATUS AURANTIICINCTUS Dalmas. 

Capito aurantiicinctus Dalmas, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1900, p. 178 (Caura 

River, Ven.). 
Capito auratus intermedius Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., vol. 9, 1902, 

p. 98 (Nericagua, upper Orinoco, Ven.). 
Capito auratus bolivianus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 25, 1912, p. 87. 

Further examination of our material from the Orinoco confirms 
my belief that there is but one form in this region. The orange 
abdominal band and orange marked rump, said to be characteristic 
of aurantiicinctus, is evidently not constant. In one of our males 
from La Union, on the lower Caura, this feature is pronounced, in 
the other it is wanting below and barely suggested above. In two 
males from the Cunucunuma River, the band below is well-marked, 
in three others it it less evident. Three of these birds have orange 
on the rump, in the fourth this character is lacking. In view of this 
variability in the character which is alleged to separate intermedius 
from aurantiicinctus, and the proximity of the Cunucunuma to the 
type locality of intermedius, I am convinced that the latter is not a 
valid race and I refer all our Orinoco specimens to aurantiicinctus. 

Specimens examined. — La Union, Caura River, Venezuela, 2 males 
(topotypes); Boca de Sina, Cunucunuma River (near Mount Duida), 
Venezuela, 4 males, 2 females. 

CAPITO AURATUS INSPERATUS Cherrie. 

The crown in this race is paler than in any of the other forms, being 
in both sexes uniformly sulphine-yellow ; a color not shown in the 



74 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

crown of other races; the nape is not materially darker than the 
forehead. Males do not exhibit the orange on the rump and abdomen, 
which is found in most, but not all, specimens of aurantiicinctus. 
Females of insperatus can be distinguished from our females of 
aurantiicinctus only by their much paler, uniformly colored crown. 
Specimens examined. — Bolivia: Todos Santos, Province of Cocha- 
bamba, 4 males, including the type, 1 female; Mission San Antonio, 
Province of Cochabamba, 3 females; Rio San Antonio, 1 female; 
"Bolivia," 1 female. Peru: Rio Cosireni, 1 female; Astillero, Rio 
Tambopata, 1 male. 

CAPITO AURATUS BOLIVIANUS Ridgway. 

The type of this race, a male, is now before me. It was found by 
Dr. Thomas Barbour attached to an Indian necklace in a museum 
in La Paz, Bolivia, and was supposed to have come from the Rio 
Beni. It is the most richly colored bird in our series, but can be 
nearly matched by a male from the Cunucunuma River. The under- 
pays of the type are deeper, and there is a trace of an orange abdom- 
inal band; the crown is antique brown with an old gold tint, slightly 
darker than that of the Cunucunuma bird. The yellow streaks on the 
back agree with those of the Cunucunuma bird, but there is no orange 
on the rump. 

Our specimens seem to prove that insperatus ranges from southern 
Peru to Bolivia, east of the Beni and indicate that the locality at- 
tributed to the type of holivianus is incorrect. Indeed, without a 
more definite data in regard to the Indian necklace to which as an 
ornament it was attached, one can not say where this type came 
from, but regardless of locality it is clearly more closely related to 
the Orinoco bird than to any other known form of this interesting 
group. 

(1517) CAPITO VERSICOLOR (P. L. S. Miiller). 

Bucco versicolor P. L. S. Muller, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, p. 88 ("Maynas"). 
Capito versicolor Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 98 (Idma). 

Common in the Subtropical Zone at Idma. One male has the 
malar stripe largely yellow, in two others it is tinged with yellow, 
thus showing the approach to C. glaucogularis which was commented 
on at length by Berlepsch and Stolzmann in recording a specimen 
from Idma. 38 The malar stripe averages broader than in specimens 
from Bolivia. 

Idma, 6 males, 3 females. 

o Omis, 1906, p. W. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 75 

Family RAMPHASTIDAE. 

TOUCANS. 

(1547) PTEROGLOSSUS CASTANOTIS CASTANOTIS Gould. 

Pteroglossus castanotis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1833, p. 119 (Brazil). 
The form found at the base of the Andes from Colombia to Bolivia 
is apparently to be referred to this race. 
Rio Cosireni, 1 male, 2 females. 

(1566) SELENIDERA LANGSDORFFI (Wagler). 

Pteroglosms langsdorffi, Wagler, Syst. Av., 1827, p. 12 (Brazil). 
Rio Coniberciato, 1 female. 

(1578) AULACORHYNCHUS CAERULEOCINCTUS d'Orbigny. 

Aulacorhynchus caeruUocinctus cTOrbigny, Voy. Amer. Mer., 1834-47, p. 382, pi. 66, 
fig. 2 (Bolivia). 

Inhabits the Subtropical Zone. Agreeing with Bolivian specimens* 
San Miguel Bridge, 2. 

Order PICIFORMES. 

Family BUCCONIDAE. 

BUCCOS, PUFFBIRDS. 

(1627) BUCCO CHACURU Vieillot. 

Bucco chacuru Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., vol. 3, 1816, p. 239 (Paraguay).— 
* Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 97 (Santa Ana.) 

(1628) NYSTALUS STRIOLATUS (Pelzeln). 

Bucco striolatus Pelzeln, Sitz. Akad. Wien, vol. 20, 1856, p. 509 (Engenho do 
Cap Gama). 

No specimens available for comparison. 

Rio Comberciato, 1 female (oviduct contained egg with hard white 
shell, Sept. 25). 

(1638) MALACOPTILA FULVIGULARIS FULVIGULARIS Sclater. 

Malacoptila fulvigularis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1853, p. 123 (Bolivia).— 
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 97 (Idma). 

A female differs from Bolivian examples much as M.f. melanopogon 
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, of Garita del Sol, is said to. Nevertheless 
these authors state that three specimens from Idma are nearer to 
the Bolivian than to the central Peruvian form. 

Near Machu Picchu, 1 female. 

(1653) MONASA MORPHOEUS PERUANA Sclater. 

Monasa peruana Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1855, p. 194 (Chamicuroa, Peru). 

Differs from a Bahia specimen only in the smaller amount of white 
about the base of the bill. 34 
Rio Cosireni, 1 female. 

•* See also Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., vol. 12, p. 2»7. 



76 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

Family PICIDAE. 

WOODPECKERS, PICULETS. 

(1662) COLAPTES PUNA Cabanis. 

Colaptes puna Cabanis, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1883, p. 98 (Valle de Tauli, W. Peru).— 
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 104 (Vilcabamba). 

Colaptes rupicola Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 154 (Tungasuca^ 
Tinta). 

Specimens from Guaqui, at the southern end of Lake Titicaca are 
referable to C. rupicola, while a series from Tirapata all have the red 
nape of C. puna. These specimens indicate, therefore, the non-integra- 
dation of these representative species. I have no examples of 
drier eicapillus. Specimens from Junin are referable to puna. 

Ollantaytambo (12-13,000 feet), 1 male (breeding, Nov. 7), 1 
female; Chospiyoc, 1 juv.; La Kaya, 4 males, 1 female, 1? 

(1682) CHLORONERPES CHRYSOGASTER Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Chloronerpes chrysogaster Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1902, 
vol. 2, p. 32 (Garita del Sol, central Peru). 

A specimen from Santo Domingo, in southeastern Peru, suggests 
the probability of the intergradation of this form with O. r. canipileus 
of Bolivia. It is near the latter but in its deeper yellow color and 
less distinct bars of the abdomen it approaches chrysogaster. As 
Berlepsch and Stolzmann have already said, it is a singular fact that 
birds from Colombia, Venezuela, and Bolivia should more nearly 
resemble each other than do those from Bolivia and Peru. Other 
than a small difference in size, the Bolivian bird being larger with 
a longer bill, I am indeed unable to separate C. r. meridensis from 
O. r. canipileus. 

Lucma, 1 female (breeding, Aug. 18); San Miguel Bridge, 1 male. 

(1733) VENILIORNIS HAEMATOSTIGMA HILARIS (Cabanis and Heine). 

Campias hilaris Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., vol. 4, pt. 2, 1863, p. 154 (Peru). 
Veniliornis haematostigma hilaris Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 96 
(Santa Ana). 

As Berlepsch has shown, 35 Malherbe founded his Mesopicus haema- 
tostigma on Natterer's birds from Borba and Maribatanos in Brazil 
to which, therefore, the name should be restricted, while hilaris, 
as above, is applicable to the Peruvian form. I have no Brazilian 
specimens, but these two birds from Peru differ from two specimens 
from the Province of Santa Cruz, Bolivia (which should more nearly 
resemble true haematostigma) in being more broadly barred with white 
below, the olive bars, therefore, being not only broader but darker, 
and they are more deeply colored above. I consequently follow 
Berlepsch in accepting hilaris as the name of the Peruvian form. 

» Proc. Zool. Soc., 1902, p. 34. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 77 

In the light of this material two specimens from La Morelia, in 
eastern Colombia 36 may perhaps better be referred to V. li. orenocensis 
Berlepsch and Hartert which, on the basis of two specimens from 
the upper Orinoco, appears to be merely a small form of Mlaris. 
Two adult males from Peru and Bolivia, both lack the "fulvous 
yellow" on the neck, whitish lino under the eye and whitish ante- 
ocular spot, the absence of which is said to distinguish the Orinoco 
form. Unfortunately no specimens of ruficeps are available. 

Rio Cosireni, 1 male; near Santa Ana, 1 female. 

(1752) CELEUS GRAMMICUS (Malherbe). 

Picus grammicus Malherbe, M£m. Soc. Roy. Liege, vol. 2, 1845, p. 69. 

An adult male is referred to this species of which I have seen no 
authentic specimens. It is considerably darker than Malherbe's 
plate. 

Rio Comberciato, male. 

(1762) CAMPEPHILUS MELANOLEUCUS MELANOLEUCUS (Gmelin). 

Picus melanoleucus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, 1788, p. 462 (Surinam). 
Rio Cosireni, 1 male. 

(1767) CNIPARCHUS HAEMATOGASTER HAEMATOGASTER (Tschudi). 

Picus haematogaster Tschudi, Arch, fur Naturg., 1844, p. 302, pi. 25 (Peru). 
Campephilus haematogaster Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 96 (Idma). 

(1770) CEOPHLOEUS LINEATUS LINEATUS (Linnaeus). 

Picus lincatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, 1766, p. 174 (Cayenne). 
Ceophloeus lineatus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 96 (Santa Ana). 

(1788) PICUMNUS JELSKII Taczanowski. 

Picumnus jelskii Taczanowski, Proc Zool. Soc, 1882, p. 41, pi. 2, fig. 3 (Paltay 
pampa, Cen. Peru). 

I have no material for comparison. 
San Miguel Bridge, 3 males, 2 females. 

Order PASSERIFORMES. 

Family HYLACTIDAE. 

TAPACOLAS, ETC. 

(1818) SCYTALOPUS ACUTIROSTRIS Tschudi. 

Scytalopus acutirostris Tschudi, Arch, fur Naturg., 1844, p. 282 (Peru). 

While certain species of the genus Scytalopus differ from each other 
but slightly, they have, nevertheless, most extended ranges. S. niger, 
for example, ranges from Chile to Colombia (though there must be 
many breaks in its distribution) ; S. micropterus, with but slight 
change, from Bolivia to Colombia. Specimens for comparison have 

8 « Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 36, 1917, p. 353. 



78 



BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



not always been available, and the same species has therefore received 
different names in various parts of its range. Misidentifieations have 
been frequent, and no one appears to have had the material for a 
revision of the group. As a result, existing descriptions are contra- 
dictory, and in short the group is badly in need of revision. Some 
years ago, having access to the Lafresnaye types and possessing a 
large number of Colombian specimens, I attempted to treat 37 (of 
the northern members of the genus, but lack of authentic Peruvian 
specimens prevented the satisfactory identification of all my material 
and with specimens from Peru now before me this want is felt even 
more strongly. Examination of the descriptions of von Tschudi, 
Taczanowski, von Berlepsch, and others reveals confusing contradic- 
tions, and I find myself quite unable to reach satisfactory conclusions 
regarding the identity of two of our three species of this genus. The 
two birds here referred to S. acutirostris, do not agree with von 
Tschudi' s description of that species, but do agree with a description 
by Taczanowski of a "Oiseau typique de Tschudi." 38 They are dark 
slate color, with the posterior parts of the body cinnamon-brown 
barred both above and below with blackish; the tail, which appears 
to afford one of the most diagnostic characters in the birds of this 
genus, is slate-gray in the male and tinged with brownish in the 
female, but without bars in either. The birds measure: Male, wing, 
60; tail, 44; tarsus, 23.5; culmen, 12 mm. Female, wing, 58; tail, 39; 
tarsus, 24; culmen, 11. 
Occobamba Valley (9,100 feet), 1 male, 1 female. 

SCYTALOPUS, species. 

Two specimens from Cedrobamba, in the humid Temperate Zone, 
and one from Limbani, in southeastern Peru, agree in general color 
and pattern with the birds above recorded, but are paler with a sil- 
very sheen on the plumage of the anterior parts of the body, a faint 
suggestion of a gray postocular stripe, a brownish tail with the cen- 
tral feathers indistinctly barred with black. Were it not for the lat- 
ter character, they might be referable to S. simonsi, which is de- 
scribed as similar to S. silvestris but lacking the white patch on the 
abdomen, and having a whitish eyebrow. Taczanowski, however, 
describes the adult of sylvestris (and my specimens are adult) as hav- 
ing the tail "brune noiratre." My specimens measure: 



Place. 


Sex. 


Wing. 


Tail. 


Tarsus. 


Culmen. 


Cedrobamba 


t 


Male.... 

Female. 

...do.... 


48 
53 

48 




19.5 

22 

20.5 


11 


Do 




34 
31 


11 


Limbani 


10.5 









•» The Auk, vol. 32, 1915, pp. 406-423. 



a Orn. du Perou, vol. 1, p. 533. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 79 

(1825) SCYTALOPUS MICROPTERUS BOLIVIANUS Allen. 

Scytalopus bolivianus Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, 1889, p. 98 
(Reye3, Bolivia). 

Comparison of the type of this form with a large series from Colom- 
bia shows that it differs only in being smaller. The type is not sexed, 
but is apparently a male, being dark slate with a silvery white crown- 
patch, only the posterior parts of the body being brown. It measures : 
Wing, 50 ; tail, 34 ; tarsus, 22 ; culmen, 12 mm. An average Colombian 
male measures: Wing, 61; tail, 43; tarsus, 24; culmen, 13.5. 

Idma, female juv. 

Family FORMICARIIDAE. 

ANT BIRDS. 

(1876) THAMNOPHILUS MELANOCHROUS Sclater and Salvin. 

Thamnopkilus melanochrous Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 18, 
pi. 3 (Huiro, Peru). — Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 93 (Idma). 

With the exception of one from Santa Ana, our specimens are from 
the Subtropical Zone. They are all essentially topo typical. 

Santa Ana, 1 female; Idma, 4 males, 4 females; San Miguel Bridge, 
6 males, 7 females; Torontoy, 3 males, 2 females. 

(1912) THAMNOPHILUS RADIATUS SUBRADIATUS Berlepsch. 

Tharnnophilus subradialus Berlepsch, Journ. fur Ornitli., 1887, p. 17 (Upper 

Amazonia). 
Tharnnophilus radiatus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Huiro; 

Maranura). 
Tharnnophilus nigrieristalus subradiatus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, 

p. 93 (Santa Ana). 

I follow Berlepsch in referring Santa Ana specimens to this form 
and Ridgway in ranking subradiatus as a race of radiatus. 

Santa Ana, 2 males, 1 female; Chauillay, 1 female; San Miguel 
Bridge, 1 male. 

(1936) DYSITHAMNUS OLIVACEUS (Tschudi). 

Tharnnophilus olivaceus Tschudi, Faun. Per., 1844, p. 174, pi. 11, fig. 1 (Central 

Peru). 
Dysithamnus olivaceus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 93 (Santa 

Ana; Idma). 

(1999) HERPSILOCHMUS MOTACILLOIDES Taczanowski. 

Herpsilochmus motacilloides Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1874, p. 136 (Maray- 
nioc). — Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 94 (Idma). 

Three specimens, collected and sexed by the writer, confirm 
Berlepsch's statement that Taczanowski described as a male either 
a young male or female. The sexual differences are clearly given 
by Berlepsch. 39 I have seen no other specimens. 

Idma, 1 male, 2 females. 

w Proc. Zool. Soc, 1896, p. 381. 



80 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(2016a) MICRORHOPIAS RUFA RUFATER (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). 

Thamnophilus rufater Lafresnaye and (TOrbigny, Syn. Av., 1837, vol. 1, p. 12 

(Chiqujtoseni, Bolivia). 
Formicivora rufatra Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Marannra). 
Formicivora rufa rufatra Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 94 (Santa 

Ana). 

The males are less rufous above but of practically the same. size as 
one from Sao Paulo. 
Santa Ana, 1 male, 1 female; Chauillay Bridge, 1 male, 1 female. 

(2028a) MICRORHOPIAS BICOLOR, subspecies. 

An adult male is intermediate between quixensis and bicolor but 
is larger and with a much heavier bill[than either. It doubtless 
represents an undescribed race. 

Rio Comberciato, 1 male. 

(2055) CERCOMACRA TYRANNINA APPROXIMANS Pelzeln. 

Cercomacra approximans Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1868, pp. 85, 158 (Engenho do 
Cap Gama). 

Two immature specimens are provisionally referred to this form 
of # which I have seen no authentic specimens. 
Rio San Miguel (4,500 feet), 1. 

(2179) GR ALL ARIA SORORIA Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

'•j Grallaria sororia Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1901, p. 194 (Idma, Peru); 
1906, p. 94 (Idma). 

(2192) GRALLARIA ERYTHROLEUCA Sclater. 

Grallaria erythroleuca Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1873, p. 783 (Huasampilla, Peru). 

These'specimens are from near the type locality. 
Occobamba Valley (9,100 feet), 3. 

(2198) OROPEZUS RUFULA OBSCURA (Berlepsch and Stolzmann). 

Grallaria rufula obscura Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1896, p. 385 
(Maraynioc). 

Traps which Heller set for small mammals proved effective in 
securing an excellent series of this form in the humid Temperate Zone. 
Berlepsch and Stolzmann based their description on a single specimen 
which was compared with an evidently inadequate series of true rufula. 
The latter race, as stated in my paper on Colombian Birds, 40 shows 
much variation, having what might be termed fulvous and rufous 
phases. The latter is the rarer and is shown by only 2 of our 19 
specimens from Colombia and Ecuador. Both are from near Bogota 
where, however, the rufous phase is also represented. It was evi- 
dently with the fulvous phase that the comparison of obscura was 
made, since all our Peruvian specimens are much paler than rufous 

"Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 36, 1917, p. 397. 



BIKD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 81 

specimens of rufula, in fact are intermediate in color between the 
two phases. They are more uniform in color than a series of 8 
specimens from Ecuador, which in turn show less variation than our 
series of 1 1 specimens from Colombia. The latter includes examples 
from each of the three Andean ranges in that country, and it is 
possible that the variations which they exhibit may in part be 
racial, though before learning of the constancy shown by these Peru- 
vian birds I had considered the variations shown in Colombian 
specimens to be wholly individual. 

Above Machu Picchu (12,000 feet), 4; Occobamba Valley (9,100 
feet), 4. 

Family DENDROCOLAPTIDAE. 

WOODHEWERS, OVENBIRDS. 

(2230) GEOSITTA TENUIROSTRIS (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye). 

Certhilauda tenuirostris (TOrbigny and Lafresnaye, Syn. Av., vol. 1, 1837, p. 72 

(Cochabamba, Bolivia). 
Oeositta tenuirostris Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 153 (Tinta; 

Tungasuca). 

I have no topotypical specimens, but the specimens listed below, 
together with 8 from Tirapata and 2 from Puno, agree with 3 from 
northwestern Argentina (Tilcara and above Tafi del Valle). 

La Raya, 3 ; Cuzco, 2 ; Occombamba Pass, 2 ; Huaracondo Canyon, 1 . 

(2252) UPUCERTHIA PALLIDA Taczanowski. 

Upucerthia pallida Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1883, p. 71 (Junin, Peru). 

A common species at Tirapata and La Raya. The only topo- 
typical specimen which I have seen is in much worn plumage. It is 
darker above, and the rufous of the wings and tail is less bright than 
in the following specimens: 

Ttica-Ttica, l;La Raya, 1 male; 1 female; 1 ?. 

(2268) CINCLODES FUSCUS RIVULARIS (Cabanis). 

Cillurus rivularis Cabanis, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1873, p. 319 (Maraynioc, Peru). 
Cinclodes fuscus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 153 (Tungasuca). 

Our specimens agree with one from Lake Junin which may be 
considered topotypical. 

idma Pampa (11,200 feet), 1 (Oct, 9, " breeding"); above Machu 
Picchu (12,000-14,000 feet), 2; Ollantaytambo, 1; Huaracondo 
Canyon, 2; Ttica-Ttica, 5; Cuzco, 1; La Raya, 6. 

(2273) CINCLODES ATACAMENSIS (Philippi). 

Upucerthia atacamensis Philippi, Arch, fiir Naturg., 1857, p. 263 (San Pedro de 
Atacama, Chile). 

I have no topotypical material. 

La Raya, 4; Pisac, 1; Calca, 1; Chospiyoc, 1. 

2787—21 6 



82 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(2280) LOCHMIAS OBSCURATA Cabanis. 

Lochmias obscurata Cabanis, Journ. fur Ornith., 1873, p. 65 (Monterico, Peru). 
Lochmias sororia Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 91 (Santa Ana). 

It is probable that the specimen recorded by Berlepsch and Stolz- 
mann came from the Subtropical Zone above Santa Ana. 

(2287) SCHIZOEACA PALPEBRALIS Cabanis. 

Schizoeaca palpebrals Cabanis, Journ. fur Ornith., 1873, p. 319 (Maraynioc, Peru). 
I have seen no topotypical specimens of this representative ol 
S. griseo-murina. 

(Cedrobamba, 12,000 feet), 3; above Torontoy, 14,000 feet, 3. 

(2295a) LEPTASTHENURA ANDICOLA PERUVIANA Chapman. 

Leptasthenura andicola peruviana Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 41, 
1919, p. 327 (La Raya, Peru). 

Subspecific characters. — Similar to Leptasthenura andicola andicola 
of Ecuador, but crown light cinnamon-rufous instead of dark hazel, 
the black margins much narrower, the malar region and throat 
whiter, the lores and auriculars more rufescent, the back more 
broadly streaked with white, the wing-coverts and tertials narrowly 
but distinctly margined with pale cinnamon-rufous, markings near 
and at the base of the inner wing quills pale cinnanon-rufous and 
more evident, tail longer. Wing, 74; tail, 95; culmen, 11 mm. 

La Rava, 1. 

(2297) LEPTASTHENURA PILEATA Sclater. 

Leptasthenura pileata Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1881, p. 487 ("Lima "-Andes 
above Lima). 

A specimen from timber line (14,000 feet) above Torontoy does 
not agree with Sclater's description, and Mr. Chubb, to whom I 
have submitted a photograph of our bird, writes that it differs from 
the type and other specimens in the British Museum in having the 
black and white pattern of the throat " coarser and more con tr as ting.' ' 
Sclater's description reads " beneath cinereous, with white shaft- 
stripes more distinct on the throat and breast," while our bird has 
no shaft-stripes below and the strongly marked black and white 
throat and upper breast are sharply defined from the rest of the 
underparts. It doubtless represents a new form, but I hesitate to 
describe it without actual comparison with pileata. 

Above Torontoy, 14,000 feet, 1 male. 

(2307) SYNALLAXIS AZARAE AZARAE d'Orbigny. 

Synallaxis azarae (TOrbigny, Voy. Amer. Mer., Oia., 1839-1847, p. 246 (Valle- 

grande, Bolivia). 
Synallaxis griseiventris Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 91 (Id ma). 

Inhabits the Subtropical Zone. Our specimens agree with the type 
of Synallaxis griseiventris Allen, 41 but the crown averages deeper in 
color. 

Idma, 3; San Miguel Bridge, 8; Torontoy, 6. 

« Said by Holimayr to be synonymous with azarae. see Berlepsch, Proc. TV Int. Orn. Cong., 1907, p. 363. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 83 

(2318) SYNALLAXIS HYPOSPODIA Sclater? 

Synallaxis hypospodia Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1874, p. 10 (Bahia). — Berlepsch 
and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 92 (Santa Ana). 

A single specimen agrees with one from Bahia, but the identification 
must be considered as provisional. 42 
Santa Ana, 1 . 

(2373) SIPTORNIS ALBICAPILXA (Cabanis).o 

Synallaxis albicapilla Cabanis, Journ. fur Ornith., 1873, p. 319 (Maraynioc, 
Peru). 

A male agrees with Cabanis's description. 
Cedrobamba, 1 male. 

(2373a) SIPTORNIS MODESTA PROXIMA, new subspecies. 

Subspecific clbojracters. — Similar to Siptornis modesta sajamae 
Berlepsch, but upper parts darker, Saccardo's umber rather than 
buny brown; band in wing darker; hazel instead of cinnamon- 
rufous; tail shorter. 

Type. — Cat. No. 145,191, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., female adult, 
Ttica-Ttica, 11,500 feet, near Cuzco, Peru, July 2, 1916; F. M. Chap- 
man. 

Specimens examined. — Siptornis modesta proxima. Peru: Type- 
locality, 1 female (July 2); La Raya, 14,000 feet, 3 males, 1 female 
(April 5); Junin, 12,900 feet, 1 male (April 3). Siptornis modesta 
sajamae. Peru: Puno, 12,600 feet, 1 male, 1 female (Aug. 6, 2); 
Tirapata, 12,700 feet, 5 males, 8 females 1 ? (July 28-Aug. 3). 

Remarks. — It is difficult to understand how so common, easily ob- 
served, and widely distributed a species as Siptornis modesta appears 
to be, at least in southern Peru, can have escaped previous observers. 
Possibly it has been recorded under some other name, but, if so, I 
have failed to find one that is applicable to it. It belongs in that 
section of the group having the rump and upper tail coverts uniform 
with the unstreaked back and all the retrices, including the outer 
pair, bicolored, and this excludes the possibility of its being referable 
to S. pudibunda, as that species is commonly described. 

Mr. Charles Chubb has been kind enough to confirm my identi- 
fication of Tirapata specimens as Siptornis modesta. They agree in 
color with examples from Puno which are doubtless referable to 
Siptornis modesta sajamae Berlepsch, of western Bolivia, but are 
nearer the form here described in size. Specimens from just beyond 
the divide at La Raya, might be expected to resemble those of 
Tirapata, distant only some 60 miles, and where apparently similar 
environmental conditions prevail; but, on the contrary, they agree 

« See Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 1914, p. 364. 

43 Consult a recent revision of the genus "Siptornis," by Cory, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 32, 1919, pp. 
149-160. 



84 



BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



with the type and, what is more surprising, with an example from 
Junin, distant 450 miles. The differences between the two forms are 
slight, but their apparent significance and obvious bearing on the 
origin of the life of the Titicacan Basin impels their recognition 

by name. 

Measurements. 



Place. 



Sex. 



Wing. 



Tail. 



Bolivia (ex Berlepsch) 1 

Puno, Titicaca l 

La Raya 2 

Junin 2 

Bolivia (ex Berlepsch) 1 

Puno, Titicaca ! 

Ttica-Ttica 2 

La Raya 2 



Male... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
Female 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 



69-70 
71 
69 
68 

67-68 
67 
61 
64 



75-76 
76 
66 
65 

71-73 
68 
60 
60 



i Siptornis modesta sajamae. 2 Siptornis modesta proxima. 

(2385) SIPTORNIS OTTONIS Berlepsch. 

Siptornis ottonis Berlepsch, Proc. Third Int. Cong., 1901, p. 197 (Cuzco, Peru). 
Huaracondo Canyon, 1; Cuzco, 1. 

(2397) SIPTORNIS GRAMINICOLA (Sclater). 

Synallaxis graminicola Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1874, p. 446, pi. 58, fig. 2 (Junin, 
Peru). 

More richly colored below than a specimen in worn plumage from 
Oroya. 

Ttica-Ttica, 2. 

(2401a) SIPTORNIS URUBAMBENSIS Chapman. 

Siptornis urubambensis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 41, 1919, 
p. 328 (above Machu Picchu (14,000 feet), Peru). 

Specific characters. — Size of Siptornis flammvlata, to which it bears 
a general resemblance in the color of the underparts, but upperparts 
Prout's brown, the streaks obscure ochraceous-buff and extending 
little, if any, posterior to the nape; tail uniform, of about the same 
color as the back, without rufous. 

Inhabits the Temperate Zone. 

Above Machu Picchu, 14,000 feet, 2; 12,000 feet, 3. 

(2409) PSEUDOCOLAPTES BOISSONNEAUTI AUKITUS (Tschudi). 

Anabates auritus Tschudi, Arch, fur Naturg., 1844, p. 294 (Peru). 

Distinguished from Colombian and Ecuadorian examples chiefly 
by its yollow-tinged throat and cheek-tufts. Inhabits the Sub- 
tropical Zone. 

Torontoy, 3. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 85 

(2420a) PHACELLODOMUS STRIATICEPS GRISEIPECTUS Chapman. 

Phacellodomus strmticeps griseipectus Chapman. Proe. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 32, 
1919, p. 258 (Ttica-Ttica, near Cuzco, Peru). 

Subspecific diameters. — Throat and breast grayish vinaceous-buff, 
instead of being essentially pure white; flanks and abdominal region 
much deeper, the former nearly ochraceous-tawny; ear coverts and 
sides of the neck grayer, less cinnamon-rufous; upper parts aver- 
aging darker, with less cinnamon-rufous, especially anteriorly. 

Ttica-Ttica, 5; Calca, 2; Cuzco, 5; Anta, 1 ; La Raya, 1 ; Huaracondo 
Canyon, 1. 

(2478) THRIPADECTES SCRUTATOR Taczanowski. 

Thrivadectes scrutator Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1874. p. 137 (Maraynioc, 
Peru). 

I have no material for comparison. 
Lucma (8,000 feet), 1. 

(2493) XENOPS RUTILUS HETERURUS Cabanis and Heine. 

Xenops heterurus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., vol. 2, 1859. p. 33 (Colombia). 
Xenops rutilus heterurus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 92 (Idrna). 

These specimens are slightly smaller than Colombian examples, but 
essentially agree with them in color. Found in the Subtropical Zone. 
Idma, 2 ; San Miguel Bridge, 3 ; Rio San Miguel, 1 . 

(2508) MARGARORNIS PERLATA (Lesson). 

Sittasomus perlatus Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., Aug. 11, 1844, col. 275 (Bogota- 
El Pinon, above Fusugasuga, altitude 9,000 feet). 
? Margurornis perlata peruviana Cory, Field Mus. Pub., No. 167, 1913, p. 291 
(Tambo Ventija, 10 miles east of Molinopampa, Peru). 

Found in the Temperate Zone. These specimens have the throat 
and spots of the under surface more yellow than in most specimens 
of true perlaia, but they can be matched by at least half a dozen 
specimens in a series of perlata from Colombia. I find no difference 
in the coloration of the upper parts of adults from the two countries. 

Cedrobamba (12,000 feet), 3; above Torontoy (14,000 feet), 2. 

(2511) PREMNORNIS GUTTATA (Lawrence). 

Margarornis guttata Lawrence, Ann. Lye. New York, vol. 8, 1867, p. 128 (Quito). 

This specimen can be matched by one from near Bogota, which I 
have referred to guttata on the basis of the agreement of an immature 
Colombian specimen, from San Antonio, with Lawrence's type, which 
is also immature. 

Idma, 1. 



86 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(2589) THRIPOBROTUS WAESCEWICZI WARSCEWICZI Cabaris and Heine. 

Thripobrotus werscewiczi Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., vol. 2, 1859, p. 39 

(Peru). 
Picolaptes lacrymiger loarszeiviczi Beri.epsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 92 

(Idma). 

On comparison of this specimen with one from Molinopampa, 
northern Peru, Mr. C. B. Cory writes that he considers it "to be 
nearly or quite typical of warscewiczi" 

San Miguel Bridge, 1. 

(2596) THRIPOBROTUS FUSCICAPILLUS Pelzeln. 

Picolaptes Juscicapillus Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., vol. 1, 1868, p. 63 (Engheno do 
Gama, Matto Grosso, Brazil). 

After comparing specimens from southeastern Peru with the type 
of juscicapillus, Hellmayr 44 refers them to that species. Three 
specimens, one each from Todos Santos, Province Cochabamba, 
Bolivia, Astillero, southeastern Peru, and Rio Cosireni, agree, and, 
in view of Hellmayr's conclusions, are doubtless inseparable from 
Juscicapillus. This species has also been recorded from the Chan- 
chamayo district by Berlepsch and Stolzmann, 45 and from Sarayacu, 
Ecuador by Sclater, 46 but the last-named specimen requires rede- 
termination. 

Rio Cosireni, 1. 

Family TYRANNIDAE. 

TYRANT FLYCATCHERS. 

(2631) AGRIORNIS POLLENS Sclater. 

Agriornis pollens Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 153 (Panza, Ecuador). 

These specimens are somewhat smaller than two from Ecuador, 
and have the throat less heavily streaked. Neither of two males 
has the outer primary acuminate. 

La Raya, 6. 

(2633) AGRIORNIS SOLTTARIA INSOLENS Sclater and Salvin. 

Agriornis insolem Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 153 (Tinta, 
Peru). 

Above Ollantaytambo (13,000 feet), 1; Ttica-Ttica, 2; La Raya, 4. 

(2636) CNEMARCHUS ERYTHROPYGIUS (Sclater). 

Taenioptera erythropygia Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1851, p. 193, pi. 41 (Ecuador). 
The breast and head are grayer than in two old Ecuador specimens. 
Cedrobamba (12,000 feet), 2. 

« Verh. Orn. Gesell. Bayern, vol. 11, 1912, p. 161. 

« Proc. Zool. Soc., 1896, p. 378. 

«« Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus., vol. 15, 1890, p. 154. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 87 

(2653a) OCHTHOECA FUMICOLOR BERLEPSCHI Hellmayr. 

Ochthoeca fumicolor berlepschi Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., vol. 21, 1914, p. 167 

(Malaga, w. Bolivia). 
Ochthoeca oenanthoides Authors. 

Our specimens essentially agree with one from Limbani, south- 
eastern Peru, and differ from 0. j. brunneijrons as described by 
Hellmayr. 

Above Machu Picchu (12,000 feet), 4. 

(2656) OCHTHOECA OENANTHOIDES POLIONOTA Sclater and Salvin. 

Ochthoeca polionota Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 599 (Pitu- 
marca, S. Peru). 

The type of this form, a male (No. 4821, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.), 
through exposure to light, is too much faded to be of value for color 
comparison. It measures, wing, 89.5 mm.; tail, 73 mm., and with 
this size virtually topo typical specimens from Cuzco and La Raya 
agree. Specimens from Tirapata, Limbani and Puno are inter- 
mediate in size between polionota and oenanthoides, but are nearer 
the former in color. 

Cuzco, 1 male; La Raya, 3. 

(2658) OCHTHOECA LEUCOPHRYS LEUCOMETOPA Sclater and Salvin. 

Ochthoeca leucometopa Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1877, p. 19 (Cuzco, 

Peru). 
Octhoeca leucophrys Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 154 (Tinta). 

Specimens from Galea, Pisac and Ttica-Ttica may be considered 
topo typical. Immature birds show to some extent the rufous wing- 
bars which characterize true leucophrys. 

Ollantaytambo, 4; Huaracondo Canyon, 7; Chospiyoc, 1; Calca, 2, 
Pisac, 4; Ttica-Ttica, 3; Cuzco, 7. 

(2664) OCHTHOECA FRONTALIS SPODIONOTA Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Ochthoeca spodionota Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1896, p. 356 
(Maraynioc, Peru). 

In spite of the fact that Berlepsch and Stolzmann 47 after seeing 
Sclater and Salvin's type of 0. pulchella from Bolivia, consider their 
spodionota inseparable, I find that an adult male from Machu Picchu 
is certainly not the same as two specimens from the trail to Santo 
Domingo in southeastern Peru. These birds have the superciliary 
yellow (less strong posteriorly), whereas in the Machu Picchu bird 
it is snowy white, only the portion before the eye being yellow. 
I have seen no specimens from Maraynioc, but the close faunal 
affinity of that locality with the humid Temperate Zone of the 
Urubamba region makes it more than probable that our specimen 
should be referred to spodionota. 

Above Machu Picchu (12,000 feet), 1. 

« Proc. Zool. Soc., 1902, vol. 2, p. 57. 



88 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(2667a) OCHTHOECA LESSONI TECTRICIALIS, new subspecies. 

Subspecific characters. — Underparts as in Ochthoeca rufipectoralis 
(d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye); upper parts more like those of 0. 
lessoni lessoni Sclater, but back browner, head darker, greater coverts 
very narrowly, instead of broadly, tipped with rich cinnamon-rufous 
or hazel; inner wing-quills very faintly if at all margined with this 
color. 

Type. — No. 145244, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., male adult, Huaracondo 
Canyon (altitude 10,000 feet), July 23, 1916; Geo. K. Cherrie. 

Material examined. — Ochthoeca lessoni tectricialis. Peru: Type 
locality, 1 male, 1 female; above Machu Picchu (12,000 feet), 1 male, 
1 female; above Torontoy (10,700-14,000 feet), 2 males. Ochthoeca 
lessoni lessoni. Colombia: 11 males, 6 females. Ecuador: Pich- 
incha, 1; "Ambato," 1. Ochthoeca rufipectoralis. Bolivia: Incach- 
aca, Prov. Cochabamba, 3 males, 5 females. 

Remarks. — The form of Ochthoeca lessoni inhabiting southern Peru 
is an obvious intermediate between O. lessoni lessoni of Colombia 
and O. rufipectoralis of Bolivia. It is, however, nearer to the former 
and apparently does not intergrade with the latter, in which the 
wing-bars are wholly absent and the back is of nearly the same color 
as the crown, while in tectricialis, as in true lessoni, the back is de- 
cidedly browner than the crown and the greater coverts are defi- 
nitely (if narrowly) tipped with cinnamon-rufous. 

The proposed new form has the same deeply colored breast as in 
rufipectoralis, and, as in that species, this color more nearly reaches 
the base of the bill than in lessoni, in which the chin is gray. 

(2670) OCHTHOECA THORACICA Taczanowski. 

Ochthoeca thoracica Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1874, p. 133 (Chilpes, Peru). 
Above Torontoy (9,500-10,700 feet), 3. 

(2678) MECOCERCULUS LEUCOPHRYS SETOPHAGOIDES (Bonaparte). 

Tyrannula setophagoides Bonaparte, Atti Sesta Riun. Sci. Ital., Milan, 1845, 
p. 405 (Bogota). 

Averaging slightly paler above but essentially agreeing with a large 
series from Colombia, showing no approach, therefore, to the Bolivian 
race. Specimens from Venezuela (near Merida and Las Palmales in 
the Cartipano region) have the wing bars and margins to secondaries 
much paler, and in this respect are nearer to leucophrys than to 
setophagoides. They may stand as M. leucophrys nigriceps Chapman. 

Above Machu Picchu (12,000 feet), 3; above Torontoy (14,000 
feet), 5. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 89 

(2680) MECOCERCULUS STICTOPTERUS TAENIOPTERUS Cabanis. 

Mecocerculus taeniopterus Cabanis, Journ. fiir Ornith.. 1874, p. 98 (Peru). 
Mecocerculus stictopterus cuplastus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1903, 
p. G3 (Maraynioc, Peru). See Berlepsch, Oruis, vol. 14, 1907, p. 489. 

Found in the humid Temperate Zone. Identified on the basis of 
comparison with specimens from the Temperate Zone in Ecuador 
and Colombia. 

Above Torontoy (10,700 feet), 2; Occobamba Valley, 1. 

(2680a) MECOCERCULUS SUBTROPICALIS Chapman. 

Mecocerculus subtropicalis Chapman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 32, 1919, p. 262 
(San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba Canyon, Peru). 

Specific characters. — Similar to Mecocerculus stictopterus taeniopterus 
Cabanis, but back greener, cap grayer and less sharply defined from 
nape, wing coverts whiter and broader, ear coverts grayer, super- 
ciliary less extended posteriorly, abdominal region more yellow; size 
smaller. 

An apparently distinct species of the Subtropical Zone. 

San Miguel Bridge, 4; Idma, 3. 

(2682) MECOCERCULUS POECILOCERCUS (Sclater and Salvin). 

Serpophaga poecilocercus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av., 1873, p. 158 (Puellaro, 
Ecuador). 

Agrees with Ecuadorian and Colombian specimens. 
San Miguel Bridge, 1. 

(2700) KNIPOLEGUS HETEROGYNA OCKENDENI Hartert. 

Knipolegus aterrimus ocJcendeni Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. 23, 1908, p. 
11 (Carabaya, Peru). 

Our specimens agree with topo typical examples and differ from 
true aterrimus as described, and also in the lack of rufous in the wing 
of the female. In view of the close faunal affinities of the Subtropical 
Zone of southeastern Peru with that of Bolivia, the differences be- 
tween the Peruvian and Bolivian forms of this bird seem to be of 
specific value. It is evident, however, on comparison with topo- 
types of heterogyna from Cajabamba, that the Peruvian forms are 
subspecifically related. 

San Miguel Bridge, 5 males, 3 females; Torontoy, 5 males, 2 
females. 

(2718) MUSCISAXICOLA ALBIFRONS (Tschudi). 

Ptyonura albifrons Tschudi, Faun. Per., Aves, p. 167, pi. 12, fig. 2 (Peru). 
Muscisazicola albifrons Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 103 
(Vilcabamba). 

La Raya, 3. 



90 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(2720) MUSCISAXICOLA GRISEA Taczanowski. 

Muscisaxicola grvtea Taczanowski, Orn. Perou, vol. 2, 1884, p. 213 (Maraynioc, 
Peru). 

Agrees with the original description. 
Above Ollantaytambo (13,000 feet), 1. 

(2729) MUSCISAXICOLA ALBILORA Lafresnaye. 

Muscisaxicola albilora Lafresnaye, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1855, p. 60. (Type 
locality by subsequent designation "vicinity of Santiago, Chile.") 

We have specimens of albilora, rufivertex, and a third unidentified 
species, all taken at Cuchacancha, Bolivia, in June, indicating the 
specific distinctness of these forms. One specimen each from Machu 
Picchu and Limbani, Peru, and from Cuchacancha, Bolivia, agree. 
I have seen none from Lake Junin. 

Above Machu Picchu (14,000 feet), 1. 

(2730) MUSCISAXICOLA RUFIVERTEX d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye. 

Muscisaxicola rufivertex cTOrbigny and Lafresnaye, Syn. Av., pt. 1, 1837, p 66 
(Cobija, Bolivia [=Chile],).— ScLATERand Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 
154 (Tinta). 

Muscisaxicola occipitalis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 10, 1887, p. 430 
(Lake Titicaca). 

These specimens agree closely with about an equal number from 
Cuchacancha (11,000 feet), near Cochabamba, Bolivia, and also two 
from the Titicaca district. One of the latter, and another from near 
Cuzco, have the under tail coverts tinged with rufous, a character 
attributed to M. r. rujicrissa Cory. I have seen no specimens from 
Cobija, " Bolivia" [ = coast of Chile]. 

La Kaya, 6; Calca, 1; Ttica-Ttica, 3; above Ollantaytambo (12,500 
ft.), 1. 

(2733) MUSCISAXICOLA MACULIROSTRIS d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye. 

Muscisixicola maculirostris d'ORBiGNY and Lafresnaye, Syn. Av., pt. 1, 1837, 
p. 66 (La Paz, Bolivia). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869. p. 154 
(Tinta). 

I detect no variation in a large series from Peru, Bolivia, and 
northern Chile. 

Huaracondo Canyon, 2; Pisac, 2; Cuzco, 1; Ttica-Ttica, 8. 

(2735) MUSCISAXICOLA FLUVIATBLIS Sclater and Salvin. 

Muscisaxicola fluviatilis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1866. p. 187 
(Lower Ucayli), 1876, p. 16 (Potrero). — Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis 
1906, p. 85 (Santa Ana; Idma). 

The presence of a species of this Temperate Zone genus in the 
Tropical Zone presents an exceptionally interesting problem in dis- 
tribution. 

Rio Comberciato, 1. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE TJRUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 91 

(2739) LESSONIA NIGER OREAS (Sclater and Salvin). 

Centrites oreas Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 18G9, p. 151 (Tinta, Peru). 
Huaracondo Canyon, 1; Calca, 1; La Raya, 1. 

(2773) TODIROSTRUM CINEREUM CINEREUM (Linnaeus). 

Todus cinereus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., vol. 1. 17G6, p. 178 (Surinam). 
Todirostrum cinereum Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Maranura; 
Potrero). 

These specimens have somewhat more black on the head than 
those in a series from the lower Orinoco, but agree with them in 
other respects. They thus show no approach to the green-backed 
T. c. color eum of southern Brazil. The white- throated T. sclateri, is 
evidently confined to the Pacific coast region. 

Santa Ana, 6; Idma, 1; Chauillay, 1; San Miguel Bridge, 2. 

(2802a) EUSCARTHMUS LEUCOGASTER Hellmayr. 

Eusccrthmus leucogaster Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., vol. 21, 1914, p. 169 (Carabaya, 
S. E. Peru). 

Agreeing with Hellmayr 's description. 
Rio Comberciato, 1. 

(2805a) EUSCARTHMUS MARGARITACEI VENTER RUFIPES (Tschudi). 

Orchilus rufipes Tschudi, Faun. Per., 1845-7, p. 165. (Peru). 
Emcarthmus wuchereri Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Mara- 
nura). 

Apparently to be referred to this form. I have no satisfactory 
material for comparison.* 8 
Santa Ana, 2. 

(2813) EUSCARTHMUS PYRRHOPS Cabanis. 

Euscarthmus pyrrhops Cabanis, Journ. fur Ornith., 1874, p. 98 (Tambopata, 
Peru). 

Idma, 1. 

(2820) CAENOTRICCUS RUFICEPS (Lafresnaye). 

Muscicapa (Todirostrum) ruficeps Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 291 (Colom- 
bia). 

An adult female has the head and throat somewhat paler than in 
Colombian specimens, but aside from this I am unable to find any 
difference between it and a Colombian series. 

Cedrobamba, 1. 

(2826) LOPHOTRICCUS SQUAMAECRISTATUS HYPOCHLORUS Berlepsch and Taczanowskl. 

Lophotriccus squamicristatus hypochlorus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 

1906, p. 85 (Idma, Peru). 
Lophotriccus squamaecristatus piUatus Rldgway (not Tschudi), Bull. U. S. Nat. 

Mus., No. 50, pt. 4, p. 371. 

The characters on which this race are based are pronounced in 
specimens from Santo Domingo, southeastern Peru. 
Idma, 3; Rio San Miguel (4,000 feet), 1. 

*» See Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1896, p. 360. 



92 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(2829) ORCHILUS ECAUDATUS (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye). 

Todirostrum ecaudatum cTOrbigny and Lafresnaye, Syn. Av., pt. 1, 1837, p. 47 
(Yuracares, Bolivia). 

Found in the Tropical Zone. Compared with two Bolivian speci- 
mens (Rio Chimore) the two birds listed below have the crown-cap 
larger, the superciliary more apparent, the sides with less greenish 
yellow. These differences may in part be due to the make-up of 
the skins. 

Rio Cosireni, 2. 

(2840) PHYLLOSCARTES VENTRALIS ANGUSTIROSTRIS (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). 

Muscicapa angustirostris Lafresnaye and (TOrbigny, Syn. Av., pt. 1, 1837 > 
p. 52 (Yungas, Bolivia). See von Berlepsch, Ornis, vol. 14, 1907, p. 486. 

Leptopogon tristis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 254 (Simacu, 
Bolivia). 

On the basis of descriptions only, I refer to this species the speci- 
mens listed below, one from Santo Domingo, southeastern Peru, and 
two from Incachaca, Bolivia. The San Miguel Bridge birds have 
slightly less yellow on the throat, and the upperparts are somewhat 
duller with the crown less bright than the back. These birds are 
barely separable subspecifically from Leptopogon Jlavovirens Law- 
rence, of which we have the type, but in default of authentic speci- 
mens of true ventralis I make no further comment on their relationship. 

San Miguel Bridge, 3. 

(2847) MYIOSYMPOTES ACUTIPENNIS (Sclater and Salvin). 

Hapalocercus acutipennis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1873, p. 137 
(Bogota). — Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 86 (Idma). 

This species ranges from the Tropical to the Temperate Zon$ with- 
out apparent variation. I have only a female from Colombia. 

Rio San Miguel, 2 ; Santa Ana, 2 ; Idma, 2 ; San Miguel Bridge, 3 ; 
Calca, 1. 

(2863) OREOTRICCUS PLUMBEICEPS (Lawrence). 

Pogonotriccus plumbeiceps Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 9, 
1870, p. 267 (Bogota). 

Compared with four specimens from Colombia, these Peruvian 
birds have the throat more extensively gray, the breast more olive. 
Idma, 4. 

(2871) SERPOPHAGA CINEREA CINEREA (Strickland). 

Euscarthmus cinerea Strickland, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 13, 1844, p. 414 
(Chile-Bolivia). 

Ranges from the Tropical to the Temperate Zones. Specimens 
from the upper zone, however, are slightly larger than those from the 
lower. 

Idma, 1; San Miguel Bridge, 5; Chospiyoc, 2; Calca, 3; Pisac, 1. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE TJRUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 93 

(2880) ANAERETES PARULUS AEQUATORIALIS Berlepsch and Taczanowski. 

Anaeretes parulus oequatorialis Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc, 
1884, p. 296 (Cechce, W. Ecuador). 

There is remarkably little variation in this species, it being possible 
to match specimens from Chile with others from Ecuador. When, 
however, comparable series are examined, it appears that birds from 
Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru have the crest less developed and not so 
black, the back averaging browner, the forehead and nape less 
streaked with white, the orbital and auricular region less black. In 
the Urubamba Valley this bird was found chiefly in the Subtropical 
Zone; in Colombia it reaches the Temperate Zone. 

San Miguel Bridge, 2; Torontoy, 4; Occobamba Valley, 3; Machu 
Picchu, 1. 

(2884) ANAERETES FLAVIROSTRIS Sclater and Salvin. 

Anaeretes Jlavirostris Sclater and Salvin, Proc, Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 355 (Tilotilo, 
Bolivia). 

This is apparently a Temperate Zone representative of Anaeretes 
parulus. Our specimens agree with others from Bolivia. 

OUantaytambo, 2; Huaracondo Canyon, 3; Calca, 1; Pisac, 1; 
Cuzco, 6. 

(2885a) ANAERETES AGRAPHIA Chapman. 

Anaeretes agraphia Chapman, Proc Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 32, 1919, p. 263 (Idma, 
9,000 feet, near Santa Ana, Peru). 

Specific characters. — Quite unlike any described species of the genus, 
but most nearly resembling Anaeretes agilis Sclater, from which it 
differs in having no streaks above or below, the crest wholly black, etc. 

Known only from the type, taken by Heller above Idma, at an alti- 
tude of 9,000 feet. This is probably, like A. agilis, a species of the 
Temperate Zone. 

(2888a) MIONECTES STRIATICOLLIS POLIOCEPHALUS Tschudi. 

Mionectes poliocephalus Tschudi, Faun. Per., 1845-46, p. 148, pi. 9, fig. 1 (Peru, 
' ' tief ern Waldregion "). 

Inhabits the Subtropical Zone. Differs from a topot} T pical series 
of true striaticollis of Bolivia, in having the white streaks of the 
throat less extended on to the breast; the sides and flanks less heavily 
streaked, the center of the bell} 7 somewhat deeper yellow and with 
fewer streaks; the plumbeous of the head more sharply defined, par- 
ticularly on the sides of the neck, from the olive-green behind it. The 
Peruvian bird is intermediate between the Bolivian and Colombian 
forms, but differs sufficiently from both to be recognizable. 

Idma, 6; San Miguel Bridge, 3. 



94 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(2895) LEPTOPOGON SUPERCILIARIS SUPERCILIARIS Tschudi. 

Leptopogon superciliaris Tschudi, Arch, fur Naturg., 1844, vol. 1, p. 275 (Cen. 
Peru). — Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 86 (Idma). 

Our specimens are less yellow below than Colombian specimens of 
poliocepTialus; have the plumbeous cap more restricted, the wing- 
coverts less ochraceous. The differences are carried to the extreme in 
a series from Locotal, Bolivia, which, however, may well stand with 
the Peruvian race. 

Idma, 4. 

(28S8) LEPTOPOGON RUFIPECTUS Taczanowski. 

Leptopogon rufipectus Taczanowski, Ora. P6rou, vol 2, 1884, p. 249 (Ropaybamba, 
Peru). 

Agreeing with Taczanowski's description. Evidently related to 
L. eryihrops, but the front is blackish and the throat and breast 
olive tinged with ochraceous. 

Idma, 1 ; San Miguel Bridge, 4. 

(2930) TYRANNISCUS CINEREICEPS (Sclater). 

Tyrannulus cinereiceps Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1860, p. 69 (Pallatanga, Ecua- 
dor). 

Agreeing with specimens from Santa Elena and below Salento, 
Colombia. 

Idma, 1; San Miguel Bridge, 1. 

(2936a) TYRANNISCUS BOLIVIANUS VIRIDISSIMUS Sclater. 

Tyranniscus viridissimus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1873, p. 782 (Cosnipata. 

S. Peru). 
Tyranniscus bolivianus Berlepsch aud Stolzmann, Ornis,, 1906, p. 86 (IdmaV 

Found in the Subtropical Zone. Easily distinguishable from T. b. 
bolivianus by its much yellower coloration, particularly of the under- 
pays. 

Idma, 5. 

(2938) ELAENIA FLAVOGASTER FLAVOGASTER (Thunberg). 

Pipra flavogaster Tuvnberg, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., vol. 8, 1822, p. 286 (Brazil). 
Elainea pagana Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Maranura). 
Elaenea jiavogaster Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 86 (Santa Ana). 

An abundant species of the Tropical Zone. 
Santa Ana, 10; Idma, 1. 

(2942) ELAENIA GIGAS Sclater. 

Elainea gigas Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1870, p. 831 (Napo). 

Agree essentially with Zamora, Ecuador, specimens. 
Idma, 2. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 95 

(2944) ELAEN1A CRISTATA Pelzeln. 

Elainea cristata Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 1869, pp. 107, 377 (Goiaz, Brazil). — Ber- 
lepsch and Stolzmann. Ornis, 1906, p. 86 (Santa Ana). 

(2949) ELAENIA ALBICEPS MODESTA Tschudi. 

Elacnia modesia Tschudi, Archiv fiir Naturg., 1844. vol. 1, p. 274 (W. Peru). 
Elainea albiceps Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Hniro; Mara- 

nura; Potrero). 
Elaenia albiceps modesta ? Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 87 (Idina). 

As von Berlepsch has remarked 49 , it is uncertain whether albiceps 
is represented in Peru by one or more races. It is my present opinion 
that there is more than one race, but in expectation of the receipt of 
additional material I defer an attempt to determine the Peruvian 
status of this species. Meanwhile, I refer specimens from the Sub- 
tropical Zone to this race, which I assume is typically represented in 
our collections by a series from near Lima. The Temperate Zone 
form is evidently separable. 

San Miguel Bridge, 5; Occobamba Valley (9,100 feet), 1; Toron- 
toy, 1. 

(2949a) ELAENIA ALBICEPS, new subspecies. 

Specimens from the Temperate Zone evidently represent a zonal 
form of this species, but I await the receipt of additional material 
before presenting a definite conclusion in regard to their status. 

Chospiyoc, 3; Pisac, 7 (2 juv.). 

(2953) ELAENIA PALLATANGAE Sclater. 

Elainea pallafxingae Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1861, p. 407, pi. 41 (Pallatanga, 
Ecuador). 

Von Berlepsch refers specimens from Marcapata, southern Peru, to 
this species. I have no topotypical material. 
Torontoy, 1. 

(2958) ELAENIA OBSCURA OBSCLRA (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). 

Muscipeta obscura Lafresnaye and d'ORBiGNY, Syn. Av.. pt. 1, 1837, p. 18 

(Yungas, Bolivia). 
Elainea obscura Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Hniro). 

Agrees with two topotypical specimens. 
San Miguel Bridge, 1 . 

(2965) MYIOPAGIS VIRIDICATA, subspecies. 

Elaenia vindicate Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 87 (Santa Ana). 
Elainea placens Sclater and Salvin. Proc Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Maranura). 

A single specimen, in poor condition, does not admit of satisfac- 
tory identification. 
Idma, 1. 

49 Ornis, vol. 24, 1907, p. 406. 



96 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(2979) SUBLEGATUS FASCIATUS FASCIATUS (Thunberg). 

Pipra fasciata Thunberg, Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., vol. 8, pp. 283, 285 

(Brazil). 
Sublegatus griseocularis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 

(Maranura) . 
Sublegatus fasciatus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 87 (Santa Ana). 

Found in the Tropical Zone. 
Santa Ana, 5. 

(2981) MYIOZETETES CAYENNENSIS (Linnaeus). 

Muscicapa cayennensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, 1766, p. 327 (Cayenne). 
Myiozetetes cayennensis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Huiro). 

(2984) MYIOZETETES SIMILIS CONNIVENS Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Myiozetetes similis connivens Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 87, 
(Santa Ana, Pern). 

Agree, on the whole, with eastern Colombia specimens, but are 
smaller. 
Idma, 3. 

(2990) CONOPIAS CINCHONETI (Tschudi). 

Tyrannus cinchoneti Tschudi, Faun. Perou, 1844-45, p. 151, pi. 8, fig. 2 (Peru). 

Colombian specimens are considerably smaller than this male from 
Peru, and if the difference proves to be constant it may warrant their 
subspecific separation. 

Idma, 1. 

(3007) MYIODYNASTES CHRYSOCEPHALUS CHRYSOCEPHALUS (Tschudi). 

Scaphorhynchus chrysocephalus Tschudi, Arch, fur Naturg., 1844, vol. 1, p. 272 

(Peru). 
Myiodynastes chrysocephalus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 

(Huiro). — Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 88 (Idma). 

Inhabits the Subtropical Zone. 
San Miguel Bridge, 5. 

(3013) HIRUNDINEA SCLATERI Reinhardt. 

Eirundinea sclateri Reinhardt, Fuglef. Bras. Camp., 1870, p. 147 (Peru). — Ber- 
lepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 89 (Pacaymayo). 

A rather rare inhabitant of the barren canyon sides in the Sub- 
tropical Zone. 

Colpani, 1 male; Paltaybamba (5,000 feet), 1 male. 

(3022) MYIOBIUS CINNAMOMEUS CINNAMOMEUS (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye). 

Muscipeta cinnamomea d'ORBiGNY and Lafresnaye, Syn. Av., pt. 1, 1837, p. 

49 (Yungas, Bolivia). 
Myiobius cinnamomeus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 89 (Idma). 

Common in the Subtropical Zone. I have seen no Bolivian speci- 
mens. 

Idma, 2; San Miguel Bridge, 10; Torontoy, 1. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 97 

(3041) MYIOBIUS FASCIATUS SATURATUS Bcrlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Myiobius naevius saturatus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 88 

(Chirimoto; Santa Ana, Peru). 
Myiobius naevius Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Potrero). 

Common in the Tropical Zone, ranging upward to the lower border 
of the Subtropical. Some of the specimens listed below can be 
matched by others from Colombia. 

Santa Ana, 7; San Miguel Bridge, 3. 

(3055) MYIOBIUS OCHRACEIVENTER (Cabanis). 

Mitrephanes ochraceiventer Cabanis, Journ. fur Ornith., 1873, p. 320 (Tilotilo, 

Bolivia). 
Myiobius subochraceus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1887, p. 50 (Tilotilo, Bolivia). 

Identified from descriptions. As Sclater remarked, the generic 
affinities of this species appear to be with Myiobius pulcher. It is 
certainly not referable to Mitrephanes. The adult male has an 
orange-flame crest as in M. Jlavicans and M. pulcher. 

Idma (9,000 feet), 1 male adult. 

(3052) EMPIDOCHANES POECILURUS PERUANUS Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Empidochanes poecilurus peruanus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc, 
1896, p. 366 (Garita del Sol, Peru). 

On comparison with Colombian specimens, a female exhibits the 
characters ascribed to this race. 
San Miguel Bridge, 1. 

(3056) MITREPHANES OLIVACEUS Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Mitrephanes olivaceus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ibis, 1894, p. 391 (Garita del 
Sol, Peru). 

Found in the Subtropical Zone. I have no specimens for compari- 
son, but the species is said to range from central Peru to Bolivia, 
and Idma is within the heart of this region. 

Idma, 2. 

(3058) SAYORNIS NIGRICANS LATIROSTRIS (Cabanis and Heine). 

Aulanax latirostris Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., vol. 2, 1859, p. 68 (Bolivia). 
Say ornis nigricans cineracea Authors (not Lafresnaye). See Bangs and Penard, 

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1919, p. 28. 
Say ornis cineracea angustirostris Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc, 

1896, p. 357 (La Merced, Peru); Ornis, 1906, p. 85 (Santa Ana). 

In specimens from Colombia and Venezuela, the wing and tail 
average shorter, the bill larger than in those from Peru and Bolivia; 
but I can detect no diagnostic difference in color which would sepa- 
rate northern from southern birds, and consequently would apply 
the name given to the Bolivian bird to all South American specimens 
of Say ornis nigricans. 

San Miguel Bridge, 4. 
2787—21 7 



98 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

Measurements of males. 



Locality. 


Wing. 


Tail. 


Bill from 
nostril. 


Yungas, Province of Cochabamba, Bolivia 


90.5 

91 

93 

89 

88.5 
88.5 
88 


79 

79 

79 

77 

76.5 

77 

74 


11 


Rio Inambari, Peru 


11 


San Miguel Bridge, Peru 


11 


Andalucia, Colombia 


12 


Rio Toche\ Colombia 


11.5 


Near M£rida, Venezuela 


11 


Bermudez, Venezuela 


11 







(3064a) EMPIDONAX TRAILLI ALNORUM Brewster. 

Empidonax trailli alnorum Brewster, Auk, 1895, p. 161 (Upton, Maine). 
? Empidonax pusillus trailli Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 90 (Santa 
Ana, male Dec). 

Berlepsch and Stolzmann were uncertain whether to refer a single 
specimen in worn plumage to the eastern or western form of this 
species, and I am in the same position regarding a specimen from 
Cuzco. Eidgway records alnorum from Ecuador. 

Cuzco, 1 (Nov. 30). 

(3069) MYIOCHANES ARDOSIACUS ARDOSIACUS (Lafresnaye). 

Tyrannula ardosiaca Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1844, p. 80 (Colombia). 

Inhabits the Subtropical Zone. There is a slight lightening on 
the abdominal region which apparently indicates an approach to 
M. a. plebius. 

San Miguel Bridge, 4; Torontoy, 1. 

(3084) MYIARCHUS TYRANNULUS CHLOREPISCIUS Berlepsch and LeverkUhn. 

Myiarchus tyrannulus chlorepiscius Berlepsch and Leverkuhn, Ornis, vol. 6, 

1890, p. 16 (Cuyaba, Brazil). 
Myiarchus eryihrocercus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 

(Maranura). 
Myiarchus mexicanus chlorepiscius Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, 

p. 89 (Santa Ana). 

Berlepsch refers a specimen from Santa Ana to this race, but a 
single bird in our collection from the same locality is much grayer 
than any one of a large series from Chapada, Matto Grosso. 



Santa Ana, 1, 



(3088) MYIARCHUS CEPKALOTES Taczanoweki. 



Myiarchus cephalotes Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1879, p. 671 (Tambillo 
Peru). 

Two specimens apparently represent this species of which my only 
other Peruvian specimen (from Province of Huanaco) is in much 



BIRD LIFE IN THE UEUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 99 

worn plumage. Colombian specimens referred to this species 50 have 
the outer vane of the outer tail feather much paler than in these 
three Peruvian examples. 

Chauillay, 1; Rio San Miguel (4,500 feet), 1. 

(3089) MYIARCHUS PELZELNI Berlepsch. 

Myiarchus pelzelni Berlepsch, Ibis, 1883, p. 139 (Bahia). — Berlepsch and 
Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 89 (Santa Ana). 

(3094) MYIA-RCKLS ATRICEPS Cabanis. 

Myiarchus atriceps Cabanis, Journ. fur Ornith., 1883, p. 215 (Tucuman, Argentina) 

A male agrees with a specimen from Tucuman. 
Torontoy, 1. 

(3103) TYR ANNUS MELANCHOLICUS MELANCHOLICLS Vieillot. 

Tyrannus melancholicus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., vol.35, 1819, p. 84 
(Paraguay). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1876, p. 16 (Huiro. — 
Berlepsch und Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 90 (Idma). 

Inhabits the Tropical Zone and ranges upward to the Subtropical. 
Rio Cosireni, 1; Idma, 2; San Miguel Bridge, 4. 

Family PIPRIDAE. 

MANAKINS. 

(3119) PIPRA CHLOROMEROS Tschudi. 

Pipra chloromeros Tschudi, Arch, fur Naturg., 1844, vol. 1, p. 271 (Peru). 
Rio Cosireni, 1 female. 

(3123) PIPRA LEUCOCILLA COM ATA Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Pipra leucocilla comata Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ibis, 1894, p. 392 (Chancha- 
mayo, Peru). 

Two specimens confirm the characters on which this race is based. 
Idma, 2 males. 

Family COTINGIDAE. 

COTINGAS. 

(3212) PLATYPSARIS AUDAX (Cabanis). 

Hadrostomus audax Cabanis, Journ. fur Ornith., 1873, p. 68 (Monterico, Peru). — 
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 90 (Casinchihua, 6,400 feet). 

A specimen in the plumage of the female labeled "male, testes not 
enlarged," by Chapman. I have seen no other examples. 

Midway between Torontoy and San Miguel Bridge, 1 female. 

« Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 36, 1917, p. 476. 



100 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(3218) PACHYRHAMPHUS VERSICOLOR VERSICOLOR (HarUaub). 

Vireo versicolor Hartlaub, Rev. Zool., 1S43, p. 289 (Colombia). 
Pachyrhamphus versicolor Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 90 (Idma). 

An adult male agrees with others from Colombia, but has the 
underparts with fewer bars. 
San Miguel Bridge, 1 male. 

(3270-3271) RUPICOLA PERUVIANA PERUVIANA Latham. 

Rupicola p&ruviana Latham, Ind. Orn., 1790, vol. 2, p. 555, based on Le Coq-de- 

roche de Perou of Buffon, vol. 4, p. 437; "PL Enl., p. 745. 
Rupicola saturata Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., 1859, vol. 2, p. 99 (Bolivia). 
Rupicola peruviana saturata Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 90 (Idma). 

A common species in the Subtropical Zone at Idma, and also 
occurring in the Urubamba Canyon at Machu Picchu. 

Further consideration of the subject leads me to believe that the 
view provisionally advanced in the Bulletin of the American Museum 
of Natural History 51 in regard to the proper application of the name 
peruviana is the correct one, namely, that the bird figured by Bnffon 
is the southern, not the northern form of this species in which, as his 
plate shows, the black, subapical portion of the tertials is covered by 
the overlapping feathers, their exposed portion being wholly gray. 
In the northern bird the gray of the tertials is so restricted that the 
subapical black area is visible beyond the tip of the overlying feather. 
In body color Buffon's plate is more nearly like the northern bird, 
but without regard to the possibility of the plate having faded in the 
century and a quarter since it was colored, the tertial character 
described is the more pronounced and definite of the two and ap- 
parently compels us to apply Latham's name to the Peruvian form 
having the exposed portion of these feathers wholly gray. 

It may be argued that specimens of the cock-of-the-rock from 
northern rather than southern Peru would be more likely to find 
their w&y into the hands of naturalists. But it must be remembered 
that Cuzco was one of the earliest places settled by Europeans and 
it had, therefore, long been a gateway for products of the montafia 
when Buffon's plate was made. We should, therefore, I think, 
restrict our evidence to the actual base of Latham's name — that is, 
Buffon's plate — and that, in my opinion, as well as that of several 
other naturalists to whom I have shown it, depicts the bird of southern 
Peru and eastern Bolivia. If this view be correct, saturata Cabanis 
and Heine becomes a synonym of peruviana Latham. I have seen no 
specimens from other parts of Peru. Those from Zamora in south- 
eastern Ecuador are referable to the Colombia form aurea. Berlepsch 
and Stolzmann 52 refer specimens from the Chanchamayo district to 
"peruana," but at that time the distinctness of the south Peruvian 

« Vol. 36, 1917, p. 496. *» Ibis, 1896, p. 369. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE UEUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 101 

form was not recognized, and it is not improbable that a re-examina- 
tion will show the Chanchamayo bird to be nearer the southern than 
the northern form. 53 In that event peruviana and aurea will be found 
to intergrade between Zamora and the Chanchamayo district. 

Huiro, Lucumayo Valley (4,500 feet), 2 males; Idma, 4 males, 2 
females; near San Miguel Bridge, 3 males. 

(3302) HELIOCHERA RUBROCRISTATA (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye). 

Ampelis rubrocristata (TOrbigny and Lafresnaye, Syn. Av., pt. 1, 1837, p. 
39 (Yungas, Bolivia). 

Found in the forests of the humid Temperate Zone. I have seen 
no Bolivian specimens, but those listed below agree with a large 
series from Colombia. 

Cedrobamba, 2; Occobamba Valley (9,100 feet), 1; Lucma (0,000 
feet), 1. 

(3315) CEPHALOPTERUS ORNATUS Geoffroy. 

Cephaloptsrus ornatus Geoffroy., Ann. Mus., vol. 13, 1809, p. 238, pi. 17 (Brazil). 

Agrees with a specimen from Buena Vista, Colombia. 
Rio Comberciato, male adult. 

Family HIRUNDINIDAE. 

SWALLOWS. 

(3337) ATTICORA FASCIATA (Gmelin). 

Hirundo fasciata Gmelin, Sys. Nat., vol. 1, 1789, p. 1022 (Cayenne). 
Rio Cosireni, 1 immature. 

(3333) OROCHELIDON MURINA (Cassin). 

Petrochelidon murina Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, p. 370 (Ecuador). 

Our specimens appear to be typical. 

Ollantaytambo, 3; Machu Picchu (12,000 feet), 1; La Ray a, 1. 

(3339) OROCHELIDON ANDECGLA (Lafresnaye and d'Orfcigny). 

Hirundo andecola Lafresnaye and d'ORBiGNY, Syn. Av.. pt. 1, 1837, p. 69 (La 
Paz, Bolivia). — ? Hirundo andicola Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 
1869, p. 151 (Tinta). 

Taken only on tho divide at La Ray a where we also found O. 
murina. We have not, however, taken the former north of this 
point nor the latter south of it; O. andecola- was common at Tirapata. 

La Raya, 1. 

m Since the above was written, I have received two adult males from Utcuyacu, in the Chanchamayo 
district, which satisfactorily settle the proper allocation of Latham's name. In a word, they practically 
agree with Buffon's plate; that is, in general tone of color they are near the Colombian and Ecuadorian 
bird, but in the pattern of tho tertials they exactly resemble the form from southern Peru and Bolivia. 
The latter character is so much tho more pronounced and definite of the two that these birds should un- 
questionably be grouped with the southern rather than the northern form and they thus confirm the view 
expressed above. 



102 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(3342) PYGOCHELIDON CYANOLEUCA (Vieillot). 

Hirundo cyanoleuca Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., vol. 14, 1817, p. 509 

Paraguay). 
Atticora cyanoleuca Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Maranura). 

Abundant in the Subtropical Zone and, on the Pacific side, descend- 
ing to sea level. 

San Miguel Bridge, 4 ; Torontoy, 1 . 

(3344) ALOPOCHELIDON FUCATA (Temminck). 

Hirundo /licata Temminck, PI. Col., vol. 4, 1823, pi. 161, fig. 1 (Brazil). 

Agreeing with specimens from Chapada, Mat to Grosso. This spo- 
cies does not appear to have been before recorded from Peru. 
Below San Miguel Bridge, 2. 

(3347) STELGIDOPTERYX RUFICOLLIS RUFICOLLIS (Vieillot). 

Hirundo ruficollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., vol. 14, 3817, p. 523 
(Brazil). 

Agreeing with specimens from Rio and Bahia. 
Below San Miguel Bridge, 2. 

Family TROGLODYTIDAE. 

WRENS. 

(3385) ODONTORCHILUS BRANICKII BRANICKII (Taczanowski and Berlepseh). 

Odontorhynchus branickii Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1885, 
p. 72, pi. 6, (Machay and Mapoto, Ecuador). 

Two specimens agree with one from La Palma, Colombia, but have 
the crown somewhat deeper in color. This appears to be the second 
record of the species for Peru. 

San Miguel Bridge, 2. 

(3430) CISTOTHORUS PLATENSIS GRAMINICOLA Taczanowski. 

Cistothorus graminicola Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1874, p. 130 (Maraynioc, 
Peru). — Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 74 (Puna of Idma). 

Identified on geographical grounds only, since I have not seen 
typical specimens. The interscapular region has more white than 
in asquatorialis. 

Cedrobamba, 1 female. 

(3438) TROGLODYTES MUSCULUS PUNA Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Troglodytes musculus puna Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1896, 
p. 329 (Ingapirca). 

A common form of the arid Temperate and Puna Zones. Speci- 
mens from La Ray a and from near Cuzco are more deeply colored 
than those from Ollantaytambo, which show in their paler under- 
pays an approach to the Santa Ana form. Specimens from Toron- 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 103 

toy are near the Santa Ana form in color, but are intermediate in 
size; the series, as a whole, showing complete intergradation between 
the Puna and Tropical Zone races. 

Ollantaytambo, 4; Chospiyoc, 2; Huaracondo Canyon, 2; Pisac, 2; 
Calca, 2; Ttica-Ttica, 4; Cuzco, 4; La Raya, 3. 

(3442) TROGLODYTES MUSCULUS AUDAX Tschudi. 

Troglodytes audax Tschudi, Faun. Peruana, 1845-46, p. 185 (Coast of Peru; see 
Berlepsch and Hellmayr, Journ. fur Ornith., 1905, p. 6). 

Twelve specimens from Santa Ana and La Merced agree in size 
and in color. In the first-named character they are like a large 
series from the vicinity of Lima, but as might be expected, they 
average darker in color than Pacific coast specimens. The difference, 
however, is slight and is doubly bridged by individual variation. 
That is, specimens in the Santa Ana series are as light as the average 
Pacific coast bird, while others from near Lima are as dark as any 
of our Santa Ana or La Merced birds. In spite, therefore, of the 
striking differences which exist between the climate of the eastern 
and western bases of the Andes, and notwithstanding the fact that 
these regions are separated by a mountain range reaching to the 
Puna Zone, essentially the same form of House Wren occurs in both. 

As remarked under the preceding race, specimens from San Miguel 
Bridge and Torontoy approach the Puna Zone race. 

Santa Ana, 5; San Miguel Bridge, 1; Torontoy, 2. 

(3451) TROGLODYTES SOLSTITIALIS MACROURUS Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Troglodytes solstitialis macrourus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc, 
1902, vol. 2, p. 55 (Central Peru). 

These specimens do not conform exactly to the description of this 
form, and comparison with topotypes will be required to determine 
whether they are typical. 

Torontoy '(9,500-10,700 feet). 2. 

(3458) HENICORHINA LEUCOPHRYS LEUCOPHRYS (Tschndl). 

Troglodytes leucophrys Tschudi, Arch, fur Naturg., 1844, p. 282 (Peru). 
Henicorhina leucophrys Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 74 (Idma). 

Common in the Subtropical Zone. 

Idma, 7; San Miguel Bridge, 8; Torontoy, 1. 

Family CINCLIDAE. 

DIPPERS. 

(3480) CINCLUS LEUCOCEPHALUS Tschndl. 

Cinclus leucocephalus Tschudi, Arch, fur Naturg., 1844, p. 279 (Peru). 

Common in the Subtropical Zone. 
San Miguel Bridge, 2. 



104 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

Family TURDIDAE. 

THRUSHES. 

(3508) PLANESTICUS SERRANUS (Tschudi). 

Turdus serranus Tschudi, Arch, fur Naturg., 1844, vol. 1, p. 280 (Peru). — Beb- 
lepsch and Stolzmann, Omis, 1906, p. 73 (Idma). 

A female is apparently to be referred to this species. 
Torontoy (9,500 feet), 1 female. 

(3511) PLANESTICUS LEUCOPS (Taczanowski). 

Turdus leucops Taczanowski, Proc Zool. Soc, 1877, p. 331 (Ropaybamba, Peru). 

PLANESTICUS, species. 

A female from San Miguel Bridge and an unsexed immature speci- 
men from Idma represent a species of the phaeopygus group unknown 
to me. I trust that with the receipt of additional material I shall 
be able satisfactorily to determine their identity. 

(3544) SEMIMERULA GIG AS GIGANTODES (Cabanis). 

Turdus gigantodes Cabanis, Journ. fur Ornith., 1873, p. 315 (Maraynioc, Peru). 

A Temperate Zone species. I have seen no topotypical examples. 
Birds from northern Peru agree with those from the western and 
central Andes of Colombia, which I have identified, therefore, as 
gigantodes. 5 * The male listed below, however, is much blacker than 
my darkest Colombian specimens and is practically as dark below 
as above; in other words, it is an essentially Hack bird. The three 
females, moreover, are much paler, about the color of Colombian 
specimens. There is, therefore, apparently a sexual difference in the 
Peruvian birds not found in the Colombian form. Cabanis's descrip- 
tion is based on a female, and it will consequently require compari- 
son with specimens from Maraynioc to determine the identity of 
these south Peruvian birds. 

Occobamba Valley, 9,100 feet, 1 male, 3 females. 

(3548) SEMIMERULA CHIGUANCO (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye). 

Turdus chiguanco d'ORBiGNY and Lafresnaye, Syu. Av., pt. 1, 1837, p. 16 (Tacna , 
Chile). 

This species is distributed from the Pacific coast to at least 14,000 
feet, and in spite of this remarkable range it apparently shows no 
geographical variation. 

San Miguel Bridge, 9; Torontoy, 2; Huaracondo Canyon, 1; Chos- 
piyoc, 1; Ollantaytambo, 3; Pisac, 2; Calca, 3; Ttica-Ttica, 3; Cuzco, 
1; La Raya, 1. 

CATHARUS, species. 

A female in juvenal plumage from the Occobamba Valley (9,100 
feet) I am unable to identify. 

"Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 36, 1917, p. 537. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE UKUBAMBA VALLEY OF PEPwU. 105 

Family VIREONIDAE. 

VIREOS. 

(3563) VIREOS YLVA OLIVACEA (Linnaeus). 

Muscicapa olivacea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, 1766, p. 327 (Carolina). 
Vireosylvia olivacea Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Maranura; 
Huiro). 

(3565) VIREOSYLVA CHIVI CHIVI (Vieillot). 

Sylvia chivi Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., vol. 11, 1817, p. 174 (Paraguay). 
Vireo chivi Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1908, p. 76 (Santa Ana). 

Ranging from the Tropical to the Subtropical Zone. These speci- 
mens are considerably brighter than others from Sao Paulo and near 
Buenos Aires, but I have not material with which to settle their 
status satisfactorily. 

Santa Ana, 2; Idma, 2; San Miguel Bridge, 7. 

(3568) VIREOSYLVA JOSEPH AE JOSEPH AE (Sclater). 

Vireo josephae Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1859, p. 137, pi. 154 (Pallatanga, Ecua- 
dor). — Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 76 (Idma). 

Inhabits the Subtropical Zone. These specimens agree with four 
from Ecuador. 

Idma, 2; San Miguel Bridge, 6; Torontoy, 3. 

Family MNIOTILTIDAE. 

WOOD WARBLERS. 

(3617) COMPSOTHLYPIS PITIAYUMI ELEGANS Todd. 

Compsothlypis pitiayumi elegans Todd, Ann. Cam. Mm, vol. 8, 1912, p. 204 (Tara 

Mt., Ven.). 
Parula pitiayumi Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Huiro). 
Compsothlypis pitiayumi Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 74 (Santa 

Ana). 

Our specimens average slightly larger than those from east of 
Bogota, Colombia, but agree with them in color. This form appears, 
therefore, to range down the Amazonian slopes and base of the 
Andes from Venezuela to Peru. I have not the material to deter- 
mine its distribution eastward in the forests of Amazona. Chap ad a, 
Matto Grosso specimens are referable to true pitiayumi. 

Santa Ana, 1 male, 3 females; Idma, 1 female juv.; Chauillay, 1 ?; 
San Miguel Bridge, 5 males, 1 female. 

(3628) DENDROICA CAERULEA (Wilson). 

Sylvia cerulea Wilson, Amer. Orn., vol. 2, 1810, p. 141, pi. 17, fig. 5 (Pennsyl- 
vania). 

Dendroica rata Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 74, Idma (1 male, 
Oct. 29). 



106 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(3639) GEOTHLYPIS AEQUINOCTIALIS CUCULLATA (Latham). 

Sylvia cucullata Latham, Ind. Orn., vol. 2, 1790, p. 528 (no locality given; Bra- 
bourne and Chubb give "Brazil"; I suggest adding Rio Janeiro). 

Geothlypis canicapilla assimilis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 75, 
Chirimoto, Peru; specimens from Santa Ana and Maranura). 

Our specimens have smaller bills and longer tails than most exam- 
ples from eastern Brazil, but resemble in size specimens from Chapada, 
Mat to Grosso. I can find no diagnostic differences in color between 
our Peruvian birds, a large series from Chapada and seven adult 
males from Sao Paulo, Kio, and Bolivia, and consequently do not 
consider assimilis of Berlepsch and Stolzmann worthy of recognition. 

Idma, 2 females (Oct. 22, breeding) ; Santa Ana, 1 male, 2 females. 

(3647) WILSONIA CANADENSIS (Linnaeus). 

Muscicapa canadensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, 1766, p. 327 (Canada). 
Sylvania canadensis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 76, Idma (1 
female, July). 

(3649) MYIOBORUS VERTICALIS (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye). 

Setophaga verticalis d'ORBiGNY and Lafresnaye, Syn. Av., pt. 1, 1837, p. 53 
("Ayupaya, Boliviana"). — ScLATERand Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 
(Huiro, Potrero). 

Common in the Subtropical Zone. Peruvian and Bolivian speci- 
mens agree and have somewhat more white in the tail than Colombian 
specimens. 

Idma, 2 males, 2 females; San Miguel Bridge, 3 males, 4 females, 1 ?. 

(3657) MYIOBORUS MELANOCEPHALUS MELANOCEPHALUS (Tschudi). 

Setophaga melanocephala Tschudi, Wieg. Arch., vol. 1, 1844, p. 276 (Peru). 

Common in the Subtropical Zone. 
San Miguel Bridge, 7; Torontoy, 7. 

(3663a) BASILEUTERUS LUTEOVIRIDIS SUPERCILIARIS Chapman. 

Basileuterus luteoviridis superciliaris Chapman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 32, 
1919, p. 265 (above Torontoy, 14,000 feet, Urubamba Canyon, Peru). 

Subspecific characters. — Similar to Basileuterus luteoviridis luteo- 
viridis (Bonaparte) of Colombia, but averaging slightly smaller, with 
a longer bill, rictal bristles more developed; the entire upper parts 
decidedly browner, the yellow superciliary much broader, brighter, 
in some specimens broader even than in " MyiotMypis" nigrocristatus, 
when it leaves an olive-green area on the crown about equal to the 
black area in the crown of that species. Differing from Basileuterus 
luteoviridis striaticeps Cabanis, and from B. I. signatus Berlepsch and 
Stolzmann, through the lack of even a trace of black on the forehead 
and crown, which is exactly concolor with the back; from specimens 
of signatus which lack black on the crown, it differs as it does from 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 107 

true luteoviridis and, furthermore, in being larger; wing, 69.5; tail, 57; 
culm en, 12 mm. 

Above Torontoy, 3; Cedrobamba, 1. 

This form is apparently a Temperate Zone representative of 
Basileuterus luteoviridis signatus which occurs on the same mountains 
in the Subtropical Zone. Its zonal relations are presumably with 
" MyiotJilypis" striaticeps from Maraynioc in the humid Temperate 
Zone east of the Junin region. 

(3665) BASILEUTERUS LUTEOVIRIDIS SIGNATUS Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Basileuterus signatus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 74 (Idma, 
Peru). 

Inhabits the Subtropical Zone. Having apparently but a single 
specimen from Peru and several from Bolivia, the describers of this 
race apparently either based their diagnosis chiefly on the Bolivian 
birds or else their Peruvian specimen was not representative. Twelve 
specimens from near the type locality in Peru and fi.Ye from the same 
zone (Subtropical) in Bolivia, have the blackish forehead and lines 
on the side of the crown bordering the yellow superciliaries which 
form the principal characters of this race. It is shown in only two 
of the Peruvian birds, and then but faintly, while it is present in all 
five of the Bolivian birds. Should additional material confirm this 
difference it may be necessary to restrict the name signatus to the 
Peruvian bird which, aside from the character mentioned, is dis- 
tinguished from true luteoviridis only by its smaller size, and give a 
new name to the Bolivian form. Four males from San Miguel Bridge 
measure: Wing, 59-61; tail, 54-60 mm. 

I have not seen " MyiotJilypis f} euoplirys Sclater and Salvin, of the 
same region in Bolivia whence come the specimens I have referred 
to signatus. It is evidently closely related to and perhaps identical 
with that form. 

San Miguel Bridge, 4 males, 2 females; Torontoy, 2 males, 4 
females. 

(3669) BASILEUTERUS TRISTRIATUS (Tschudi). 

Myiodioctes tristriatus Tschudi, Arch, fur Naturg., 1844, p. 283 (San Pedro, Peru). 

Inhabits the Subtropical Zone. 
Idma, 4. 

(3674) BASILEUTERUS CORONATUS (Tschudi). 

Myiodioctes coronatus Tschudi, Arch, fur Naturg., 1844, vol. 1, p. 283 (Peru). 
Basileuterus coronatus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 75 (Idma). 

Inhabits the Subtropical Zone. 

Idma, 4; San Miguel Bridge, 4; near Torontoy, 1. 



108 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

Family MOTACILLIDAE. 

PIPITS, WAGTAILS. 

(3694a) ANTHUS BOGOTENSIS IMMACULATUS Cory. 

Anthus bogotensis immaculatus Cory, Field Mus. Pub., No. 190, 1916, p. 345 
(mountains east of Balsas, Peru). 

A female from La Ray a and a male from Junin have the flanks 
practically unstreaked and should doubtless be referred to the form 
described from northern Peru by Cory. Five specimens from 
Bogota all have the flanks conspicuously streaked. 

La II ay a, 1. 

(3695) ANTHUS FURCATUS d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye. 

Anthus /meatus cTOrbigny and Lafresnaye, Syn. Av., pt. 1, 1837, p. 27 (Pata- 
gonia). 

In addition to the specimen from Ttica-Ttica, we have nine others 
from Tirapata. I have seen no topotypical examples. 
Ttica-Ttica, 1. 

Family FRINGILLIDAE. 

FINCHES, SPARROWS, GROSBEAKS, Etc. 

(3705) PHEUCTICUS CHRYSOCEPHALUS CKRYSOG ASTER (Lesson). 

Pitylus chrysogaster Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1830, pi. 67 (Chile). 
Rio San Miguel, 4,500 feet, 1 female. 

(3707a) PHEUCTICUS UROPYGIALIS TERMINALIS Chapman.. 

Pheucticus uropygialis terminalis Chapman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 32, 
1919, p. 266 (San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba Canyon, Peru). 

Subspecijic characters. — In the comparative absence of black 
markings on the sides and flanks, and in the large size of the white 
endings of the greater wing coverts, resembling Pheucticus uropygialis 
meridensis Riley, of Venezuela; in the extent of yellow anteriorly on 
the bases of the feathers of the interscapulium nearer to meridensis 
than to Pheucticus uropygialis uropygialis Sclater, of Colombia; 
differing from both meridensis and true uropygialis in having large 
white terminal, or slightly subterminal, rounded spots on the upper 
tail coverts instead of small white or yellowish transverse sub- 
terminal marks on these feathers; lower tail coverts whiter; tibiae 
yellower. 

San Miguel Bridge, 1; Chauillay, 1. 

(3765) SPOROPHILA GUTTURALIS INCONSPICUA Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Sporophila gutturalis inconspicua Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 

84 (Santa Ana, Peru). 
Spermophila gutturalis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Mar- 

anura). 

Inhabits the Tropical Zone. In the almost complete absence of 
black on the head, the males in our series resemble three birds from 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 109 

the eastern base of the Colombian Andes to which I have before 
referred, 55 but the throat and breast are darker and the dark area is 
more extensive in the Peruvian birds, which, in this respect, resemble 
specimens from the interior of Colombia. I have no Bahia examples. 
Santa Ana, 3 males, 2 females; Idma, 1 male; San Miguel Bridge, 
1 female. 

(3778) SPOROPHILA OBSCURA (TaczanowskI). 

Spermophila obscura Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1874, p. 519 (Paltaypampa, 

Peru). 
Sporophila obscura Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 84 (Santa Ana). 

An abundant inhabitant of the Tropical Zone, ranging upward to 
the lower border of the Subtropical Zone. 

Rio Cosireni, 1; Santa Ana, 9; Idma, 3; Chauillay, 1; San Miguel 
Bridge, 5. 

(3772) CATAMENIA INORNATA INORNATA (Lafresnaye). 

Linaria inornata Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1847, p. 75 (Bolivia). 

These specimens agree in size with others from Oroya, Peru. I 
have seen none from Bolivia. 

Ttica-Ttica, 1 male; above Machu Picchu, 12,000 feet, 1 female. 

(3777a) CATAMENIA ANALOIDES GRISEIVENTRIS Chapman. 

Catamenia analoides griseiventris Chapman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 32, 1919, 

p. 267 (Cuzco, Peru). 
Catamenia analis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 152 (Tinta). 

Subspecific characters. — Male similar to male of Catamenia analoides 
analoides (Lafresnaye) of the Peruvian coast region, but abdominal 
region grayer, less white, the under parts, therefore, nearly uniform 
in color; second to sixth primaries (from without) with less white 
on their outer webs at base; lower tail coverts averaging paler and 
usually without the buffy tips which are always present in true 
analoides. 

Cuzco, 1 male, 1 female; Pisac, 4 males, 2 females; Chospiyoc, 1; 
Huaracondo Canyon, 3; above Torontoy, 1. 

A form of the arid Temperate Zone ranging from Southern Peru 
to Ecuador. 

(3789) VOLATINIA JACARINI JACARINI (Linnaeus). 

Tanagra jacarini Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, 1766, p. 314 ("Brasilia"). 
Santa Ana, 1 male. 

(3803) SALTATOR MAXIMUS (P. L. S. MttUer). 

Tanagra maximus P. L. S. Muller, Syst. Nat., 1776, p. 159 (Cayenne). 
Saltator magnus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Huiro). — 
Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 83 (Santa Ana). 

Peruvian and Bolivian specimens are smaller with smaller bills 
than those from British Guiana, but agree with them in color. 

« Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 36, 1917, p. 558. 



110 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(380S) SALTATOR CAERULESCENS AZARAE d'Orbigny. 

Saltator azarae (TOrbigny, Voy. Amer. Me>id., Ois., 1836, p. 287 (Moxos and 
Santa Cruz, Bolivia). 

Agrees with a specimen from the Falls of the Madeira. 
Santa Ana, 1. 

(3814) SALTATOR ALBOCILIARIS (Philippi and Landbeck). 

Pitylus albociliaris Philippi and Landbeck, Arch, fur Naturg., 1863, p. 122" 

(Socoroma, "Peru" [=Chile]). 
Saltator laticlavius Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 151 (Tinta). 

Common in the arid Temperate Zone wherever there is scrubby tree 
growth. 

Above Torontoy, 1; Ollantaytambo, 5; Huaracondo Canyon, 5; 
Chospiyoc, 2; Occobamba Valley, 1; Pisac, 6; Puquiura, l;Cuzco, 1.. 

(3828) SPINUS ATRATUS (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye). 

Carduelis atrata d'ORBiGNY and Lafresnaye, Syn. Av., pt. 1, 1837, p. 83 (La 

Paz, Bolivia). 
Chrysomitris atrata Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 152 (Pitumarca). 

The yellow of the abdominal area is somewhat more extensive and,, 
with other yellow areas, paler in color than in specimens from northern 
Argentina. I have none from Bolivia. 

Ollantaytambo, 1 female; La Raya, 3 males, 3 females, 1 ?. 

(3834) SPINUS ICTERICUS PERUANUS Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Spinus ictericus peruanus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1896 r 
p. 352 (La Merced, Peru). 

I have seen no specimens from La Merced, but have three from Oroya 
and one from Lima. The latter has the back brighter and under parts 
darker, and is smaller than the former. Possibly there is a littoral 
as well as an Andean race when the Oroya birds would doubtless be 
nearer true peruanus, although Berlepsch, with some reservations, 
refers Lima specimens to it. 

Our series from 10,000 feet and upward in southern Peru agrees 
with the Oroya specimens, but two males from near San Miguel 
Bridge (4,500 and 6,000 feet), although they are like the remaining 
specimens in color, are considerably smaller (wing, 62 and 66 mm.). 
The Bolivian form, of which I have an excellent series, is distinguished 
by its paler coloration and greater extent of yellow on the tail rather 
than by the characters assigned to it by its doscriber. 

San Miguel Bridge, 2 males; Chospiyoc, 2 males, 1 female; Ttica- 
Ttica, 1 male, 2 females; Cuzco, 3 males, 2 females; Pisac, 4 males; 
La Raya, 1 male, 1 female. 

(3848) SYCALIS ARVENSIS (Kittlitz). 

Fringilla arvcnsis Kittlitz, Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., 1835, vol. 2, 
p. 470 (Chile). 

Huaracondo Canyon, 1 male. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. Ill 

(3856) MYOSPIZA AURIFRONS PERUANA (Bonaparte). 

Coturniculus peruanus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., vol. 1, 1850, p. 481 ("Am. m. 

occ," I suggest, Santa Ana, Peru). 
Myospiza peruana Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 84 (Santa Ana). 

Inhabits the Tropical Zone. There is an obvious and fairly con- 
stant difference separating birds from southern Peru and Bolivia 
from those of southeastern Ecuador (Zamora) and southeastern 
Colombia. The more southern birds have the dark centers of the 
feathers of the back smaller, and their margins much grayer, less 
olivaceous than the northern birds. These characters are not so 
noticeable in worn specimens but are usually diagnostic. The Zamora 
birds doubtless typically represent aurifrons aurifrom, and I assume 
that Bonaparte's name is applicable to the southern form. In addi- 
tion to the Urubamba specimens listed below, we have examples of 
peruana from the following localities: Peru: Rio Inambari, 1; Bio 
Javari, 3; Astillero, 1; Candamo, 1; La Pampa, 2. Bolivia: Todos 
Santos, Province of Cochabamba, 1 ; Yungas, Province of Cocha- 
bamba, 2. 

Rio Comberciato, 1; Idma, 1; Santa Ana, 1. 

(3863) POOSPIZOPSIS CAESAR (Sclater and Salvin). 

Poospiza caesar Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 152, pi. 13 (Tinta, 
Peru). — Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 103 (Curahuasi). 

011anta,ytambo, 1 male; Chospiyoc, 2 males; Huaracondo Canyon, 
1 male, 1 ?; Poquiura, 1 female; Pisac, 1 male; Calca, 1 male, 1 female; 
Cuzco, 1 male, 2 females; La Raya, 1 female. 

(3882) BRACHYSPIZA CAPENSIS PERUVIANA (Lesson). 

Pyrgita peruviana Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1839, p. 45 (Lima, Peru). 

An abundant species ranging from the Pacific coast to the table- 
land, but on the eastern slope we did not take it below the Subtropical 
Zone. Our series appears to agree with specimens from Lima. 

San Miguel Bridge, 3; Idma, 1; Torontoy, 1; Ollantaytambo, 2; 
Huaracondo Canyon, 2; Ttica-Ttica, 4; Cuzco, 6; Calca, 1 ; La Raya, 6. 

(3903) PSEUDOCHLORIS OLIVASCENS CRLORIS (Tschudi). 

Sycalis chloris Tschudi, Faun. Per. Aves, 1846, p. 216. — Sclater and Salvin, 
Proc Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 153 (Tinta). 

Inhabits the Puna Zone. Specimens from Tirapata, taken in late 
July and early August, are completing the molt and are consequently 
in fresh plumage. A male which is evidently fully adult is bright 
olive-yellow above, the rump and upper tail coverts being nearly 
pure yellow. A second male has the back washed with brownish, 
but the upper tail coverts are nearly as bright as in the first-named 
male. A male from Pisac (April 18) is in worn plumage arid differs 
so widely from either of the Tirapata birds that it is difficult to believe 
they represent the same species. While wear might change the back 



112 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

of the immature Tirapata male to the dull greenish olive of that of 
the Pisac bird, it is difficult to understand how its bright yellow upper 
tail coverts could become as dull as they are in the male from Pisac. 
The latter closely resembles a male in comparable plumage from 
Bolivia labeled by von Berlepsch il olivascens" but is slightly smaller, 
(wing, 80 mm., tail, 53 mm., as compared with 87 mm., tail 54.5 mm.). 
Menegaux gives no measurements for the form from Pulcayo, Bolivia, 
for which he proposes the name Pseudochloris olivascens berlepschi, 55 
and I am therefore unable to consider it in this connection. How- 
ever, if the Cuzco form be valid, the Pisac bird should be referred to it. 
The status of the Tirapata bird is not settled by the material at hand. 
Pisac, 1 male. 

(3905a) PSEUDOCHLORIS UROPYGIALIS CONNECTENS Chapman. 

Pseudochloris uropygialis connectens Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 41, 
1919, p. 329 (La Raya, Peru). 

Subspecific characters. — Most nearly related to Pseudochloris 
uropygialis uropygialis (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye) of Bolivia, but 
male with anterior portion of auriculars and, usually, region below 
the eye olive-yellow, yellow more extensive on sides and flanks; 
female with the whole head yellower than in Pseudochloris uropy- 
gialis uropygialis. 

La Raya, 4 males, 3 females; Ttica-Ttica, 1 male. 

(3913) PHRYGILUS GAYI PUNENSIS Ridgway. 

Phrygilus punensis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, p. 434 (basin of Lake 
Titicaca in Peru and Bolivia). 

Found in the open plains of the tableland. There is much varia- 
tion in color in the specimens listed below. Some have the upper 
parts uniform olive-green, in others it is warm golden brownish. An 
adult from La Paz and another from Tirapata can be closely matched. 
Specimens from Oroya ( = chloronotus Berlepsch and Stolzmann) also 
find their duplicates. I use the above combination of names without 
having determined the relationships of gayi and aldunatei. 

La Raya, 8 males, 3 females; Cuzco, 10 males, 5 females; Huara- 
condo Canyon, 1 male. 

(3922) PHRYGILUS FRUTICETI (Kittlitz). 

Fringillafruticeti Kittlitz, Kupf. Vog., 1832, p. 18, pi. 23, fig. 1 (near Valparaiso, 

Chile). 
Phrygilus fruticeti Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 152 (Tinta). — 

Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 103 (Cuzco; Luatanay). 

Our series contains specimens in both worn (April) and fresh 
(October, November) plumage. They agree with others from near 
Santiago. ' 

La Kaya, 6 males, 1 female; Cuzco, 2 males; Pisac, 1 male; Huara- 
condo Canyon (11,000 feet), 1 male (breeding, Apr. 10). 

w Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 1910, p. 124. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 113 

(3925) PHKYGILUS UNICOLOR UNICOLOR (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye). 

Emberiza unicolor cL'Orbiqny and Lafresnaye, Mag. de Zool., 1837, p. 79 (Cor- 
dillera of Tacora, Peru). 

Taken only by Heller. I am surprised at our failure to secure this 
species at Tirapata or La Ray a. 

Occobamba Pass, above Ollantaytambo, 13,000 feet, 2 males; above 
Machu Picchu, 14,000 feet, 1 male, 1 female (breeding, June 5). 

(3929) PHRYGILUS ALAUDINUS EXCELSUS Berlepsch. 

Phrygilus alaudinus excelsus Berlepsch, Proc. Fourth Int. Cong., 1907, p. 351 
(Vacas, Bolivia). 

This is a very common bird at Tirapata, where we took 16 specimens 
in three days, but it was not found north of La Ray a. Our specimens 
agree with a topotypical series from Bolivia, and comparison of both 
lots with Chilean material confirms the validity of this race. 

La Ray a, 3 males. 

(3930) PHRYGILUS PLEBEJUS Tschudi. 

Phrygilus plebejus Tschudi. Arch, fur Naturg., 1844, p. 290 (Peru). 
Phrygilus plebeius Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 152 (Tinta). 

An abundant species of the Puna Zone. 

La Raya, 6 males, 5 females; Pisac, 1 male; Cuzco, 11 males, 6 
females; Occobamba Pass, 13,000 feet, 1 male. 

(3939) DIUCA SPECULIFERA (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye). 

Emberiza speculifera d'ORBiGNY and Lafresnaye, Mag. de Zool., Syn. Av., 
pt. 1, p. 78, 1837 ("in Bolivia, in summis Andibus"). 

I have seen no Bolivian ^ecimens. 
La Raya, 4 males. 

(3941) CORYPHOSPINGUS CUCULLATUS (P. L. S. Mttller). 

Fringilla cucullata P. L. S. Muller, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, 1776, p. 166 (Cayenne). 
Coryphospingus cristatus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 

(Potrero). 
Coryphospingus cucullatus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 84 (Santa 

Ana; Pampa de Derrumbe; Idma). 

Inhabits the Tropical Zone. Our specimens are somewhat paler 
than a male in worn plumage from Surinam loaned me by Mr. T. E. 
Penard. 

Rio Cosireni, 2 males; Santa Ana, 1 male, 2 females; Chauillay, 1 
male. 

(3992a) ATLAPETES CANIGENIS Chapman. 

Atlapetes canigenis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 41, 1919, p. 330 
(Torontoy, Urubamba Canyon, Peru). 

Specific characters. — Most nearly resembling Atlapetes castaneifrons 
Sclater and Salvin, of Venezuela, but with no white malar stripe or 
black mystacal streak; anteorbital region grayish black 

2787—21 8 



114 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

Doubtless a species of the humid Temperate Zone. 
Torontoy, 1 female; above Torontoy, 9,500 feet, 1 male (breeding, 
May 2), 1 female; Occobamba Valley, 1 female. 

(4003) BUARREMON BRUNNEINUCKA (Lafresnaye). 

Embernagra brunnei-nucha Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1839, p. 97 (Mexico). 
Buarremon brunneinuchus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 83 (Idma). 

Not uncommon in the Subtropical Zone. Our specimens agree 
with others from Colombia. 

Idma, 1 female (breeding, Oct. 25) ; San Miguel Bridge, 2 males, 
3 females; Torontoy, 2 males, 1 ?. 

Family COEREBIDAE. 

HONEY CREEPERS. 

(4027) DIGLOSSA SITTOIDES SITTOIDES (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye). 

Serrirostrum sittoides d'ORBiGNY and Lafresnaye, Syn. Av., pt. 2, 1838, p. 25 

(Yungas, Vallegrande, Bolivia). 
Diglossa sittoides Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 76 (Idma.). 

Found in the Subtropical Zone. Our specimens agree with others 
from Bolivia. 

Idma, 1 male; San Miguel Bridge, 4 males, 1 female. 

(4030) DIGLOSSA BRUNNEIVENTRIS Lafresnaye. 

Diglossa brunneiventris Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1846, p. 318 (Peru). — Sclater 
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 151 (Tinta). 

A species of the Temperate Zone which^ however, evidently ranges 
as low as 8,000 feet. It frequents the low bushy growths along water 
courses. 

Cuzco, 4 males; Ttica-Ttica, 1 male, 1 female; Ollantayambo, 1 
female; Torontoy, 8,000 feet, 1 male (breeding Nov. 2). 

(4033a) DIGLOSSA MYSTACALIS ALBELINEA Chapman. 

Diglossa mystacalis albilinea Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 41, 
1919, p. 331 (Cedrobamba Ruins, Peru). 

Subspecific characters. — Similar to Diglossa mystacalis mystacalis 
Lafresnaye of Bolivia, but with the mystacal stripe light ochraceous- 
buff or creamy white anteriorly, more ochraceous posteriorly, instead 
of "pale red" (from Lafresnaye and Sclater) or tawny; and conse- 
quently resembling in this character Diglossa pectoralis Cabanis. 

Inhabits the humid Temperate Zone, where six specimens were 
secured by Heller. The species has not been recorded from Peru. 

Cedrobamba, altitude 12,000 feet; timberline, 3 male adults (2 
breeding, May 26) ; 1 female adult, 2 male juv. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 115 

(40ila) DIGLOSSA PERSON ATA MELANOPIS Tschudi. 

Diglossa melanopis Tschudi, Wiegm. Arch., 1844, p. 294 (Peru). 
Diglossa per sonata Authors (Peruvian and Bolivian records). 

Comparison of 4 specimens from Peril and 16 from Bolivia, with 
a very large series from Colombia, shows that this southern form, 
heretofore synonvmized with true personata, may be recognized by its 
generally duller bluer color, especially on the wings, and by the 
absence of the conspicuous whitish edgings on the lower tail coverts 
present in all our adult Colombian examples. 

As in Colombia, the species in Peru appears to range from the 
upper part of the Subtropical to the Temperate Zone. 

Above Machu Picchu (12,000 feet), 1 male; Torontoy, 9,500 feet, 
1 female; 14,000 feet, 1 male; Occobamba Valley, 9,100 feet, 1 
male. 

(4042) DIGLOSSA INDIGOTICA Sclater. 

Diglossa indigotica Sclater, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1856, p. 467 (Ecuador). 

This species appears not to have been recorded from Peru, but the 
specimen listed below, together with 9 from Inca Mine, agree with 
one labeled as coming from Ecuador. 

Rio San Miguel, 4,500 feet, 1 male (breeding, Oct. 5). 

(4047) OREOMANES FRASERI Sclater. 

Oreomanes fraseri Sclater, Proc Zool. Soc, 1860, p. 75, pi. 159 (Panza, Ecuador). — 
von Berlepsch, Ornis, vol. 11, 1900-01, p. 197 (Anta, Peru). — Hellmayr, 
Verh. der Orn. Gesell. Bayern, vol. 11, 1912, p. 159 (Carabaya, Peru). 

Oreomanes binghami Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 41, 1919, 
p. 331. 

A species of the Temperate Zone which is unknown between south- 
ern Peru and central Ecuador. An even more striking hiatus occurs 
in the recorded range of Diglossa brunneiventris which is unknown 
between central Peru and northern Colombia. Such gaps in distri- 
bution indicate lack of continuity in the Temperate Zone itself, and 
when the species found in these Temperate Zone islands show no 
appreciable differentiation, it seems evident that they have become 
isolated at a comparatively recent date. Specimens of Diglossa 
brunneiventris from Colombia, for example, are inseparable from 
others from Peru, and it now appears that the bird described by me 
as Oreomanes binghami is but the immature plumage of Oreomanes 
fraseri, Doctor Hellmayr writes me that an immature specimen in 
the collection of the Munich Museum is molting from the plumage 
of "bingliami" to that of fraseri. The chin and malar stripe are 
white, but the superciliaries have acquired, through molt, the chestnut 
color of those of the adult. 

Cedrobamba, 1 female. 



116 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(4050) CONIROSTRUM CYANEUM Taczanowski. 

Coniroslrum cyaneum Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1874, p. 512 (Sillapeta, 
Central Peru). 

Occobamb a Valley, 9,100 feet, 1 male, 1 female. 

(4052) CONIROSTRUM FERRUGINEIVENTRIS Sclater. 

Conirostrumferrugineiventris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1855, p. 74, pi. 85 (Cachu- 
pata, Peru). 

Above Torontoy (14,000 feet, timber line), 1 female. 

(4054) CONIROSTRUM CINEREUM CINEREUM d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye. 

Coniroslrum cinereum cVOrbtgny and Lafresnaye, Syn. Av., pt. 2, 1838, p. 25 
(Yungas, Bolivia). 

Our specimens have not been compared with topotypical ones. 

Occobamba Valley, 9,100 feet, 2 males; Ollantaytambo, 2 males, 1 
female; Huaracondo Canyon, 1 male; Calca, 1 ?; Cuzco, 2 males, 2 
females. 

(4057a) CONIROSTRUM ATROCYANEUM SORDIDUM Berlepsch. 

Conirostrum atrocyaneum sordidum Berlepsch, Journ. fur Ornith., 1901, p. 83 
(western Bolivia). — Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 76 (Idma). 

Found in the Subtropical Zone. I have seen no specimens from 
Ecuador, but Lafresnaye describes his type as having the primaries 
margined with olivaceous, a character in which our Peruvian birds 
agree. Berlepsch refers Idma specimens to his O. a. sordidum of 
Bolivia, a form which appears to have been separated without com- 
parison with topotypical material, and which is here provisionally 
recognized. 

Idma, 5 males, 2 females; San Miguel Bridge, 3 males. 

(4059) XENODACNIS PARINA Cabanis. 

Xenodacnis parina Cabanis, Journ. fur Ornith., 1873, p. 312, pi. 4, figs. 1, 2 
(Maraynioc, Peru). 

Found in the Temperate Zone. I have seen only the specimens 
recorded below. 

Machu Picchu, above timber line, 13,000-14,000 feet, 2 males (breed- 
ing, June 11), 1 female; Idma Pampa, 11,200 feet, 1 male. 

(4061) DACNIS CAY ANA GLAUCOGULARIS Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Dacnis cayana glaucogularis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1896, 
p. 336 (La Gloria, Peru); Ornis, 1906, p. 77 (Idma). 

Idma, 2 males, 2 females. 

(4089-4091) IRIDOPHANES PULCHERRIMA PULCHERRIMA (Sclater). 

Dacnis pulcherrima Sclater, Rev. Zool., 1853, p. 480 (Bogota). 
Chlorophanes pulcherrima stigmatura Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. 
Soc, 1896, p. 338 (Garita del Sol, central Peru); Ornis, 1906, p. 77 (Idma). 

Found in the Subtropical Zone. None of our specimens exhibits 
the "grande tache blanche subterminale sur le barbe interne de la 
rectrice externe" attributed to this race. In several it is faintly 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 117 

suggested by a grayish area, but others are not distinguishable from 
males from Ecuador and Bogota. It seems probable, therefore, that 
the quite distinct 7. p. aureinucha Ridgway is restricted to the Pacific 
slope of the Ecuadorian Andes, while L p. pulcherrima ranges from 
Colombia to southern Peru on the eastern slope of the range. 
Idma, 5 males, 2 females. 

Family TANAGRIDAE. 

TANAGERS. 

(4111) TANAGRA XANTHOGASTER (Sundevall). 

Euphonia xanthogastra Sundevall, Svensk. vet. Akad. Handl., 1833, p. 310 
(Brazil). — Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 78 (Idma). 

(4126) TANAGRA LANIIROSTRIS PERUVIANA (Berlepsch and Stolzmann). 

Euphonia laniirostris peruviana Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 77 
(La Merced; Santa Ana). 

(4135) TANAGRA CHRYSOPASTA (Sclater and Salvin). 

Euphonia chrysopasta Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 438, pi. 30, 
figs. 1, 2 (R. Ucayali, Peru). 

Rio Cosireni, 1 male, 1 female (breeding, Sept. 20). 

(4149) PIPRAEIDEA MELANOTA VENEZUELENSIS Sclater. 

Pipridea venezuelensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 265 (Caracas, Venezuela). 
Pipridea melanota Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 78 (Idma). 

The two specimens listed below agree with others from Colombia. 
San Miguel Bridge, 1 male, 1 female. 

(4155) TANGARA CHILENSIS (Vigors). 

Aglaia chilensis Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1832, p. 3 (Chile-Bolivia. See 
Berlepsch, Rev. Tanag., 1910, p. 1026). 

A species of the Tropical Zone. Peruvian specimens are larger 
than those from the Napo region. 

Rio Cosireni, 2 males (breeding, Sept. 9, 11); Rio Comberciato, 1 
male (breeding, Sept. 21). 

(4163) TANGARA SCHRANKI (Spix). 

Tanagra schranki Spix, Av. Bras., vol. 2, 1825, p. 38, pi. 51, fig. 1 (northern Brazil 
See Berlepsch, Rev. Tanag., 1910, p. 1028). 

A species of the Tropical Zone. Our specimens agree with others 
from Ecuador. 

Rio Cosireni, 1 male, 1 female (breeding, Sept. 9, 11). 

(4191) TANGARA GYROLOIDES CATHARINAE (Hellmayr). 

Calospiza gyroloides catharinae Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1911, p. 1106 (Cha- 

quimayo, Carabaya, southeastern Peru). 
Calospiza gyroloides Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 78 (Idma). 



118 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(4204) TANGARA NIGROVIRIDIS BERLEPSCHI (Taczanowski). 

Calliste nigriviridis berlepschi Taczanowski, Orn. Per., vol. 2, 1884, p. 469 (Auqui- 

marca, Peru). 
Calospiza nigriviridis berlepschi Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906^ p. 78 

(Idma). 

This well-marked race was found in the forests of the Subtropical 
Zone. 

Idma, 2 males, 1 female; Huadquifia, 1 male (breeding, Oct. 23). 

(4208a) TANGARA CYANEICOLLIS GULARIS Chapman. 

Tangara cyaneicollis gularis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 41, 
1919, p. 332 (Candamo, southeastern Peru). 

Subspecific characters. — Most nearly related to Tangara cyanei- 
collis cyaneicollis, but male with head darker blue, of about the same 
shade as in T. c. caeruleocephala, but with no purple on the forehead 
and little if any on the throat. 

Rio San Miguel (4,500 feet), 1 male, breeding October 2. 

(4214) TANGARA FULVICERVIX (Sclater and Salvln). 

Calliste fulvicervix Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 354, pi. SO, 

fig. 1 (Bolivia). 
Calospiza fulvicervix Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 79 (Idma). 

Abundant in the Subtropical Zone. 

Idma, 18 males, 7 females; San Miguel Bridge, 1 male. 

(4216) TANGARA MELANOTIS (Sclater). 

Calliste melanotis Sclater, Ibis, 1876, p. 408, pi. 2, fig. 1 (Rio Napo, Ecuador). 
Calospiza melanotis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 79 (Idma). 

Found in the Subtropical Zone. Our specimens agree with one 
from Colombia. 

Idma, 5 males; 3 females. 

(4219) TANGARA PARZUDAKII (Lafresnaye). 

Tanagra parzuddkh Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 97 (Bogota). 
Calospiza parzudohii Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 79 (Idma). 
? Tangara parzudahii florentes Bangs and Noble, The Auk, 1918, p. 459 (Charapi, 
northwestern Peru). 

Inhabits the Subtropical Zone. Our series agrees closely in size 
and color with eight topotypical specimens of parza&akii. I have 
not seen T. p. florentes Bangs and Noble, based on a female from 
northern Peru. This bird is larger than any in our series, but in 
view of the practical identity of specimens from southern Peru and 
the type locality the validity of the proposed form seems questionable. 

Idma, 7 males; 3 females. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 119 

(4222) TANGARA XANTHOCEPHALA XANTHOCEPHALA (Tschudi). 

Calospiza xanthocephala Tschudi, Arch, fur Naturg., 1844, vol. 1, p. 285 (cen. 
Peru).— Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 79 (Idma). 

Common in the Subtropical Zone. 

Idma, 7 males, 3 females; San Miguel Bridge, 4 males, 1 female; 
Torontoy, 1 male. 

(4224) TANGARA CHRYSOTIS (Du Bus). 

Calliste chrysotis Du Bus, Esq. Orn., pi. 7, 1845 (Peru). 
Rio San Miguel, 4,500 feet, 1 male (breeding, Oct. 5). 

(4228) TANGARA ARGENTEA ARGENTEA (Tschudi). 

Procnopis argentea Tschudi, Arch, fur Naturg., 1844, vol. 1, p. 285 (Peru). 
Calospiza argentea Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 79 (Idma). 

Inhabits the Subtropical Zone. 

Idma, 3 males (1 breeding Oct. 17), 1 female; San Miguel Bridge, 
2 males, 2 females. 

(4234) IRIDOSORNIS JELSKII JELSKH Cabanis. 

Informs jelsMi Cabanis, Journ. fur Ornith., 1873, p. 316, pi. 5, fig. 1 (Maray- 
nioc, Peru). 

Above Machu Picchu (12,000 feet, timber line), 2 males, breeding 
May 22 and June 8. 

(4237) IRIDOSORNIS ANALIS (Tschudi). 

Tanagra analis Tschudi, Arch, fur Naturg., 1844, vol. 1, p. 287 (Peru). 
Idma, 2 males 

(4244) POECILOTHRAUPIS IGNIVENTRIS (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye). 

Aglaia igniventris d'ORBiQNY and Lafresnaye, Syn. Av., pt. 1, 1837, p. 32 
(Aplobamba, Bolivia). 

Inhabits the humid Temperate Zone. Although obviously repre- 
senting P. lunulata, our specimens show no indication of intergrad- 
ing with that species. 

Above Machu Picchu (12,000 feet, timber line), 6 males (3 breed- 
ing, May 23-June 2), 1 female. 

(4254) BUTHRAUPIS CUCULLATA SATURATA Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Buthraupis cucullata saturata Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 80 
(Idma, Peru). 

Occobamba Valley, 9,100 feet, 1 male; Torontoy, 10,700 feet, 1 
male. 

(42S8) DUBUSIA STICTOCEPHALA Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Dubusia sticiocephala Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ibis, 1894, p. 386 (Maraynioc, 
Peru). 

Occobamba Valley (9,100 feet), 1 female. 



120 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(4273) THRAUPIS EPISCOPUS MAJOR (Berlepsch and Stolzmann). 

Tanagra coelestis major Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1896, p. 343 

(La Merced, Peru); Ornis, 1906, p. 81 (Santa Ana). 
Tanagra coelestis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Huiro; 

Potrero). 

Inhabits the arid Tropical Zone and ranges upward to the lower 
border of the Subtropical. The present form, coelestis and leucop- 
tera are evidently representatives of one species. Several of our 
Peruvian specimens closely resemble others from the Bogota region. 

Santa Ana, 1 male, 1 female; Idma, 4 males, 1 female; Chauillay r 
1 male; San Miguel Bridge, 2 males, 2 females. 

(4281) THRAUPIS PALMARUM MELANOPTERA (Sclater). 

Tanagra melanoptera Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1856, p. 235 (Eastern Peru). 
San Miguel Bridge, 1 female. 

(4287) THRAUPIS DARWINI LAETA (Berlepsch and Stolzmann). 

T[anagra] darwini laeta Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, vol. 13, 1906, p. 81 

(Cuzco; Idma). 
Tanagra darwini Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 151 (Tinta). 

Specimens from Cuzco, Calca, and Pisac are topotypical. There 
appears to exist no clear understanding regarding the limits of the 
range of this form and T. d. darwini. I have seen no specimens of 
the latter. 

San Miguel Bridge, 1 female; Machu Picchu, 1 female; Crfospiyoc, 
1 female (breeding, April 20); Calca, 3 males, 2 females; Pisac, 1 
male; Cuzco, 1 male, 1 female. ^ 

(4288) SPOROTHRAUPIS CYANOCEPHALA CYANOCEPHALA (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye). 

Aglaia cyanocephala d'ORBiGNY and Lafresnaye, Syn. Av., pt. 1, 1837, p. 32 
(Yungas, Bolivia). 

Inhabits the Subtropical Zone. Our specimens average slightly 
smaller and more yellow than a topotypical series. 

San Miguel Bridge, 3 males, 2 females ; Torontoy, 1 male, 2 females ; 
Occobamba Valley, 1 male. 

(4298) RAMPHOCELUS CARBO CONNECTENS Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Rhamphocelus jacapa connectens Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc, 
1896, p. 344 (La Merced, Peru); Ornis, 1906, p. 81 (Santa Ana; Idma). 

Ramphocoelus atrosericeus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 
(Maranura; Potrero). 

Common in tbe Tropical Zone ranging upward to the lower border 
of the Subtropical. 

Rio Comberciato, 1 male (breeding, Sept. 25) ; Santa Ana, 1 female; 
Idma, 5 males (2 breeding, Oct. 14, 17); 3 females (2 breeding, Oct. 
14, 17). 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 121 

(4307) PIRANGA RUBRA RUBRA (Linnaeus). 

Muscicapa rubra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, 1758, p. 181 (Carolina). 
Piranga rubra Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1900, p. 81 (Idma, 2 males; Oct., 
Nov.). 

(4313) PIRANGA ARDENS (Tschudi). 

Phoenisoma ardens Tschudi, Arch, fur Naturg., 1844, vol. 1, p. 287 (central Peru) . 
Rio San Miguel, 4,500 feet, 1 male (breeding, Oct. 5). 

(4314) PIRANGA TESTACEA TSCHUDH Berlepsch and Stolzmann. 

Pyranga testacea tschudii Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1892, p. 375 
(Lima); Ornis, 1906, p. 82 (Santa Ana). 

Chauillay, 1 male, 2 females; Rio Comberciato, 1 female. 

(4333) TACHYPHONUS RUFUS (Boddaert). 

Tangara rufa Boddaert, Tabl. PI. EnL, 1783, p. 44 (Cayenne). 

Tachyphonus melaleucu-s Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Mara- 

nura; Huiro; Potrero). 
Tachyphonus rufus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 82 (Santa Ana; 

Idma). 

Santa Ana, 2 males (1 breeding, Oct. 25) ; Idma, 2 males, 2 females 
(1 breeding, Oct. 19). 

(4344) TACHYPHONUS RUFTVENTER (Splx). 

Tanagra rufiventer Spix, A v. Bras., vol. 2, 1825, p. 37, pi. 1, fig. 1. 

A female and an immature male are apparently referable to this 
species, of which I have seen no other specimens. 
Rio Cosireni, 1 male, immature, 1 female (breeding). 

(4370) HEMITHRAUPIS FLAVICOLLIS CENTRALIS (Hellmayr). 

Nemosia flavicollis centralis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., vol. 14, 1907, p. 350 (Humay 
tha. Rio Madeira). 

Our specimens agree with others from the Beni region of Bolivia 
and Matto Grosso, Brazil, in the jet blackness of the black areas. 
One of two males from the Rio Roosevelt, however, resembles a 
Cayenne specimen in the color of the black areas. 

Rio Cosireni, 2 males (breeding). 

(4383) THLYPOPSIS INORNATA (Taczanowski). 

Nemosia inornata Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1879, p. 228 (Tambillo, Peru). 

Identified from descriptions only. Our specimen (unsexed) is 
more olive and less refuscent than the plate in the Catalogue of 
Birds of the British Museum. 57 

San Miguel Bridge, 1. 

" Vol. 11, pi. 13, fig. 2. 



122 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(4387) THLYPOPSIS RUFICEPS (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye). 

Sylvia ruficeps (TOrbigny and Lafresnaye, Syn. Av., pt. 1, 1837, p. 30 (Yura- 

cares, Bolivia). 
Thlypopsis ruficeps Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 82 (Idma). 

Our specimens agree with a topotypical series. 

Idma, 1; San Miguel Bridge, 3; Torontoy, 6; Calca, 1. 

(4397) CHLOROSPINGUS FLAVIGULARIS FLAVIGULARIS (Sclater). 

Pipilopsis flavigularis Sclater, Rev. Zool., 1852, p. 8 (New Grenada). 

Chlorospingus flavigularis parvirostris Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 
vol. 14, 1901, p. 227 (Inca Mine= Santo Domingo, southeastern Peru). — Ber- 
lepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 82 (Idma). 

The acquisition of additional topotypical material of both flavi- 
gularis and "parvirostris" shows that the latter form is based on an 
average difference quite lost by individual variation. It is not in 
my opinion worthy of recognition. Inhabits the Subtropical Zone. 

Idma, 5; San Miguel Bridge, 4. 

(4404) HEMISPINGUS ATROPILEUS AURICULARIS (Cabanis). 

Chlorospingus auricularis Cabanis, Journ. fur Ornith., 1873, p. 318 (Maraynioc, 
Peru).' 

The difference between the northern and southern forms of this 
species appears to be subspecific. Inhabits the humid Temperate 
Zone. 

Occobamba Valley, 2. 

(4409) HEMISPINGUS SUPERCILIARIS NIGRIFRONS (Lawrence). 

Chlorospingus nigrifrons Lawrence, Ibis, 1875, p. 384 (Ecuador). 

Inhabits the humid Temperate Zone. Our specimens agree with 
several from southern Colombia. 

Occobamba Valley, 2 (1, July 29, breeding); above Torontoy 
(9,500 feet), 1 (May 4, breeding). 

(4412) HEMISPINGUS FRONTALIS FRONTALIS (Tschudi). 

Hylophilus frontalis Tschudi, Wiegm. Arch., 1844, vol. 1, p. 284 (Peru). 
Chlorospingus frontalis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 83 (Santa 
Ana). 

Inhabits the Subtropical Zone. I am unable to separate the 
Colombian from the Peruvian birds. H. /. oleagineus should, there- 
fore, in my present opinion, be synonymized with frontalis. 58 

San Miguel Bridge, 6. 

(4421) PSEUDOSPINGUS XANTHOPHTHALMUS (Taczanowski). 

Dacni8 xanthophthalma Taczanowski, Proc Zool. Soc, 1874, p. 510 (Maraynioc, 
Peru). 

Heller secured a male of this rare species heretofore known only 
from two males and three females from Maraynioc and a female 

m See Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 36, 1917, p. 621. 



BIRD LIFE IN THE URUBAMBA VALLEY OF PERU. 123 

from Tamiapampa (altitude, 9,000 feet). The bird agrees with 
descriptions. 59 

Occobamba Valley, 9,100 feet, 1. 

(442$ MICROSPINGUS TRIFASCIATUS Taczanowski. 

Microspingus trifasciatus Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1874, p. 132, pi. 19, 
fig. 1 (Maraynioc, Peru). 

Heller secured this uncommon species at timber line in the humid 
Temperate Zone. 
Cedrobamba, 3. 

(4437a) SCHISTOCHLAMYS ATRA OLIVINA (Sclater). 

Tanagra olivina [female] Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 607 (Cuyaba, Brazil) — 

Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Maranura). 
ISchistochlamys atra grisea Cory, Field Mus. Pub. 190, 1916, p. 346 (Rioja, Peru). 
Orchesticus ater [male] Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Huiro). 
Schistochlamys atra Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 83 (Idma). 

Inhabits the Tropical Zone. A large series from Matto Grosso 
averages slightly darker, especially below, than specimens from 
Cayenne and northeastern Venezuela (which may be considered 
typically to represent atra), but the black throat areas are not so 
intense and the black of the forehead grades insensibly into the gray 
of the crown or hind head and is not therefore sharply defined from 
it as it is in our specimens of true atra. Our Peruvian specimens 
average slightly darker in general coloration than those from Matto 
Grosso, but agree with them in the color of the black frontal areas 
and gradual change from black to gray on the crown. They should 
therefore unquestionably be referred to the southern rather than the 
northern form of this species and it seems probable that S. a. grisea, 
Cory should also be placed here. 

Santa Ana, 2; Idma, 2 (Oct. 20, breeding). 

Family ICTERIDAE. 

ORIOLES, CASSIQUES, Etc. 

(4445a) OSTINOPS DECUMANUS MACULOSUS Chapman. 

Ostinops decumanus maculosus Chapman, Proc Biol. Soc Wash., vol. 33, July 

24, 1920, p. 26. 
Ostinops decumanus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 84 (Pampa de 

Derrumbe; Santa A?na). 

Rio Cosireni, 1; Chauillay, 1. 

(4447) OSTINOPS ATROVIBENS (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye). 

Cassicus atrovirens d'ORBiGNY and Lafresnaye, Syn. Av., pt. 2, 1838, p. 1 

(Yungaseni, Bolivia). 
Ostinops atrovirens Sclater and Salvin, Proc Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Huiro). — 

Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 85 (Idma). 

Locally common in the Subtropical Zone. 
Idma, 5; San Miguel Bridge, 3. 

» 9 See Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1896, p. 346. 



124 BULLETIN 117, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 

(4457) CASSICUS CHRYSONOTUS d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye. 

Cassicus chrysonotus (TOrbigny and Lafresnaye, Syn. Av., pt. 2, p. 3 (Yungas> 
Bolivia). 

Torontoy, 1. 

(4479) AGELAIUS THILIUS (MoUna). 

Turdus thilius Molina, Sagg. Storr. Nat. Chile, 1782, p. 211 (Chile). 

Agelasticus thilius Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 153 (Tungasuca)* 

Agelaeus thilius Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 103 (Suriti; Cuzco). 

Galea, 1. 

Family CORVIDAE. 

CROWS, JAYS. 

(4547) CYANOCORAX VIOLACEUS Da Bus. 

Cyanocorax violaceus Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Brux., vol. 14, 1847, p. 103 (Peru). 

A species of the Tropical Zone. 
Rio Comberciato, 2. 

(4549) XANTHOURA YNCAS YNCAS (Boddaert). 

Corvus yncas Boddaert, Tabl. PL Enl., 1783, p. 38 (Peru). 

Cyanocorax incas Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1876, p. 16 (Huiro). 

Xanthoma yncas Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 85 (Idma). 

Common in the Subtropical Zone. 

San Miguel Bridge, 6; Santa Rosa, 1; Idma, 2. 

(4555) CYANOLYCA JOLYAEA (Bonaparte). 

Cyanocitta jolyaea Bonaparte, Journ. fur Ornith., 1853, p. 47 (Peru). 
Xanthoura jolyaea Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 1906, p. 85 (Tambillo). 

(4555a) CYANOLYCA VIRIDICYANEA CUZCOENSIS Sclater. 

Cyanolyca viridicyanea cuzcoensis Sclater, Ibis, 1917, p. 465, pi. 8, fig. 1 (Hua- 
sampilla, altitude 10,000 feet, Peru). 

This form requires comparison with O. jolyaea of which I have seen 
no specimens. It inhabits the forests of the humid Temperate Zone 
and hence is not found in the treeless Cuzco region. 

Torontoy (9,500 feet), 1. 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Aburria aburri 45 

aburri, Aburria 45 

Penelope 45 

Acacna ochreata 22 

Acestrura mulsanti 70 

Actitis macularia 50 

acutipennis, Hapalocercus 92 

Myiosympotes .• 29,92 

acutirostris, Scytalopus 32, 77 

addae, Steganura 68 

Adelomyia chlorospila 63 

melanogenys 68 

chlorospila 68 

adspcrsa, Ortalis guttata 44 

adspersus, Ortalis guttata 44 

aeneocauda, Metallura 38,69 

Trochilus 69 

aequatorialis, Anaeretes parulus 92 

Agelaeus tbilius 124 

Agelaius tbilius 39, 124 

Agelasticus thilius 124 

agilis, Anaeretes 93 

Aglaeactis castelnaudi 32,68 

Aglaia ehilensis 117 

cyanocephala 120 

igniventris 119 

agraphia, Anaeretes 33, 41,93 

Agriornis insolens 9 

pollens 39,86 

solitaria insolens 31,39,86 

alaudinus, Phrygilus 39 

albicapilia, Siptornis 39,83 

Synallaxis 83 

albiceps, Elaenia 31, 33, 95 

Elainea 95 

albicollis, Caprimulgus 64 

Nyctidromus 64 

albifrons, Muscisaxicola 39,89 

Ptyonura S9 

albilinea, Columba 32, 45 

Diglossa mystacalis 41, 114 

albilora, Muscisaxicola 39,93 

albipennis, Columba 9,32,45 

albociliaris, Pitylus 110 

Saltator 13, 17, 31, 110 

Alcedo americana 63 

alnorum, Empidonax trailh 29, 40, 98 

Alopochelidon fucata 29, 102 

alticola, Anas cristata 38,55 

Aratinga mitrata 32,41,62 

Amazona farinosa inornata 63 

mercenaria 63 

americana, Alcedo 63 

Ceryle 28 

Chloroceryle americana 63 

americanus, Podiceps 38, 49 



Page. 

amethysticollis, Heliangelus 32, 68 

Orthorbynchus 68 

amethystina, Calliphlox 70 

Trochilus 70 

Amoropsittaca andicola 32, 63 

Ampelis rubrocristata 101 

Anabates auritus 84 

Anaeretes agilis 93 

agraphia 33, 41 , 93 

flavirostris 13,31, 33,93 

parulus 93 

aequatorialis 92 

analis, Catamenia 109 

Iridosornis 119 

Tanagra 119 

analoides, Catamenia analoid es 109 

Anas cristata alticola 38, 55 

leucogenis 56 

oxyptera 55 

platalea 55 

puna 55 

spinicauda 55 

andecola, Hirundo 101 

Orochelidon 39, 101 

andecolus, Micropus 65 

andicola, Amoropsittaca 32, 63 

Bolborhynchus 63 

Columba plumbea 46 

Leptasthenura andicola 82 

Psittacula 63 

andina, Gallinago 50 

braziliensis 38,50 

Scolopax 50 

angustirostris, Muscicapa 92 

Phylloscartes ventralis 92 

Sayornis cineracea 97 

ani, Crotophaga 29, 72 

annae, Ocreatus 68 

Spathura 68 

Anser melanopterus 55 

Anta, Pampa of 13 

Antenor unicinctus 57 

Anthus bogotensis immaculatus 39, 108 

furcatus 39, 108 

antisianus, Pharomacbrus 70 

antisiensis, Pharomachrus 70 

Trogon 70 

Antrostomus nigresccns 64 

approximans, Cercomacra 80 

tyrannina 29,80 

Aquila megaloptera 57 

Aramides cajanea chiricote 45 

Aratinga frontatus 6^2 

leucophthalma 63 

mitrata alticola : 32, 41, 62 

mitrata 14,61,62 

' 125 



126 



INDEX. 



Ardea cyanocephala 51 

egretta 51 

tayazu-guira 51 

ardens, Phoenisoma 121 

Piranga 121 

ardesiaca, Fulica 38, 49 

ardosiaca, Tyrannula 93 

ardosiacus, Myiocbanes ardosiacus 93 

argentea, Calospiza 119 

Procnopis 119 

Tangara argentea. 119 

Arid Tropical Zone, List of Species of the 28 

arvensis, Fringilla 110 

Sycalis 39, 110 

assimilis, G eothlypis canicapilla 106 

atacamensis, Cinclodes 39, 81 

Upucerthia 81 

ater, Orchesticus 123 

Atlapetes canigenis 33, 41, 113 

castaneifrons 113 

atra, Schistochlamys 123 

atrata, Carduelis 110 

Cathartes 23 

Chrysomitris 110 

atratus, Spinus 39, 110 

atriceps, Myiarchus 99 

atrosericeus, Ramphoeelus 120 

atrovirens, Cassicus 123 

Ostinops 14, 123 

Atticora cyanoleuca 102 

fasciata 101 

fucata 28 

audax, Hadrostomus 99 

Platypsaris : 99 

Troglodytes 103 

musculus 29 

Aulacorhynchus caeruleocinctus 75 

Aulanax latirostris 97 

aura, Cathartes 56 

Vultur 56 

aurantiicinctu3, Capito auratus 73 

auratus, Capito auratus 72 

aurea, [Rupicola peruviana] 101 

aureinucha, Iridophanes pulcherrima 116 

auriceps, Pharcmachrus 21, 70 

Trogon 70 

auricularis, Chlorospingus 122 

Hemispingus atropileus 33, 122 

aurifrons, Myospiza aurifrons Ill 

auritus, Anabates 84 

Pseudocolaptes boissonneauti 84 

azarae, Saltator 110 

caerulescens 110 

Synallaxis azarae 82 

Baccharis 22 

Basileuterus coronatus 107 

lutco viridis luteoviridis 106 

signatus 14, 106, 107 

striaticeps 106 

superciliaris 33, 41, 106 

signatus 11, 107 

tristriatus 107 

behni, Trogon variegatus 71 

Berberis flexuosa 17 

berlepschi, Calliste nigriviridis 118 

Calospiza nigriviridis 118 



Page. 

berlepschi, Ochthoeca fumicolor 33, 87 

Pseudochloris olivascens 112 

berlepschii, Tangara nigroviridis 118 

Bernicla melanoptera 55 

bicolor, Microrhopias 80 

binghami, Oreomanes 41, 115 

Boissonneaua matthewsi 68 

Bolborhynchus andicola 63 

orbignesius 63 

boliviana, Nothura 44 

maculosa ;. 38, 44 

Penelope 44 

Piaya cayana 72 

boli vianus, Capito auratus 73 74 

Scytalopus 79 

micropterus 79 

Trogon 71 

Trogonurus 71 

Tyranniscus 94 

Bourcieria inca 67 

Brachyspiza capensis peruviana 15, 39, 111 

branickii, Odontorchilus 102 

Odontorhynchus 102 

Theristicus 18, 38, 51 

brasiliana, Strix 61 

brasilianum, Glaucidium 61 

brasilianus, Phalacrocorax 56 

brunneifrons, Ochthoeca fumicolor 87 

brunneinucha, Buarremon 114 

brunnei-nueha, Embernagra 114 

brunneinuchus, Buarremon 114 

brunneitorques, Chaetura 65 

Cypseloides 65 

brunneitorques. 65 

brunneiventris, Diglossa 9, 13, 17, 31, 33, 114, 115 

Buarremon brunneinucha 114 

brunneinuchus 114 

Bubo virginianus 60 

nacurutu 60 

Bucco chacuru 28, 29, 75 

striolatus 75 

versicolor 74 

Buteo erytlironotus 38, 57 

hypospodius 58, 59 

melanosternus 59 

poecilochrous 38, 57, 58 

poliosomus 58 

Buthraupis cucullata saturat a 11, 33, 119 

Caenotriccus ruficeps 33, 91 

caerulea, Dendroica 40, 105 

caeruleocephala, Tangara cyaneicollis 118 

caeruleocinctus, Aulacorhynchus 75 

caesar, Poospizopsis 9, 33, 111 

Calca 15 

caliparens, Podiceps 49 

Calliphlox amethystina 70 

Calhste chrysotis 119 

fulvicervix 118 

melanotis 118 

nigriviridis berlepschi 118 

Calospiza argentea 119 

fulvicervix 118 

gyroloides 117 

catborinae 117 

melanotis Hi* 



INDEX. 



127 



Page. 

Calospiza nigriviridis berlepschi 1)8 

xanthocephala 119 

Campephilus haematogaster 77 

melanoleucus melanoleucus 77 

canadensis, Museicapa 106 

Sylvania 106 

Wilsonia 40, 106 

canigenis, Atlapetes 33,41,113 

canipileus, Chloronerpes rubiginosus 76 

Capito aurantiicinctus 73 

auratus aurantiicinctus 73 

auratus 72, 73 

bolivianus 73, 74 

insperatus 27,72,78 

intermedins 73 

glaucogularis 74 

punctatus 72 

versicolor 74 

Caprimulgus albicollis 64 

torquatus 64 

Carduelis atrata 110 

Casinchihua 10 

Cassicus atrovirens 123 

chrysonotus 124 

castaneifrons, Atlapetes 113 

castanotis, Pteroglossus 75 

castanct is 75 

castelnaudi, Aglaeactis 32, 68 

Trochilus 68 

Catamenia analis 109 

analoides analoides 109 

griseiventris 33, 44, 109 

inornata inornata 33, 109 

catharinae, Calospiza gyroloides 117 

Tangara gyroloides 117 

Catharista urubu 28, 56 

Cathartes atrata , 28 

aura 58 

Catharus sp 104 

Cauca Valley 23 

cayana, Piaya 72 

cayanus, Charadrius 50 

HoploxypLerus 28, 50 

cayennensis, Museicapa 96 

Myiozetetes 29, % 

ceciliae, Coluraba (Chamaepelia) 46 

Gymnopelia ceciliae 38 

Cecropia 21 

Cedrobamba 21 

Cellus grammicus 77 

centralis, Ilemithraupis flavicoliis 121 

Nemosia flavicoliis 121 

Centrites oreas 91 

Ceophloeus lineatus 29, 77 

lineatus 77 

Cephalopterus ornatus 27, 101 

cephalotes, Myiarchus 98 

Cerchneis sparveria 28, 60 

subsp 38 

Cercomacra approximans 80 

tyrannina approximans 29, 80 

Certhilauda tenuirostris 81 

cerulea, Sylvia 105 

Ceryle americana 28 

Chachapoyas 11 

cbacuru, Bucco 2*. 29, 75 



Chaetocercus mulsanti 70 

Chaetura brunneitorques 65 

zonaris 65 

Chalcostigma olivaceum 32, 69 

stanleyi vulca-ni 32, 69 

Chamaepelia erythrothorax 46 

griseola .,. 47 

minuta minuta • 28, 47 

Chanchamayo 11 

Charadrius cayanus _ 50 

resplendens 50 

Chauillay 9 

chiguanco, Semimernla 33, 104 

Turdus 104 

chilensis, Aglaia 117 

Tangara 117 

chionogaster, Leucippus 66 

chiricote, Aramides cajanea 48 

Rallus 18 

Chirimoto 11 

chivi, Sylvia 105 

Vireo 105 

Vireosylva chivi 29, 105 

Chloephaga melanoptcra 18, 38 

chlorepiscius, Myiarchus mexicanus 98 

tyrannulus 29, 98 

chloris, Pseudochloris olivascens 39, 111 

Sycalis Ill 

chloroauchenia, Leptoptila 47 

Chloroceryle americana americana 63 

chlorolaemus, Momotus aequatoriaiis 63 

chloromeros, Pipra 99 

Chloron crpes chrysogaster 76 

rubiginosus canipileus 76 

meridensis v.. 76 

Chlorophanes pulcherrima stigmatura 116 

chlorospila, Adelomyia 68 

melanogenys 68 

Chlorospingus auricularis 122 

flavigularis flavigularis 122 

parvirostrjs 122 

frontalis 122 

n igrifrons 122 

Chlorostilbon daphne 66 

prasinus 66 

daphne 28,66 

choliba, Otus 28, 61 

Pisorhina 61 

Strix 61 

Chondrohierax uncinatus 60 

Chospiyoc 16 

chrysocephalus, Myiodynastes 96 

chrysocephalus 96 

Scaphorhynchus 96 

chrysogaster, Chloronerpes 76 

Pheucticus chrysocephalus 108 

Pitylus 108 

Chrysomitris atrata 110 

chrysonotus, Cassicus 124 

chrysopasta, Tanagra 117 

Chrysotis inornata 63 

chrysotis, Calliste 119 

Tangara 119 

Chusqueo quila 22 

Ciccaba huhula 28,61 

Cillurus rivularis 81 



128 



INDEX. 



Page. 

cinchoneti, Conopias 96 

Tyrannus 96 

Cinclodes atacamensis 39,81 

fuscus 81 

rivularis 17,39,81 

Cinclus 13 

leucocephalus 103 

cineracea, Sayornis nigricans 97 

cinerea, Euscarthmus ".. 92 

Serpophaga 31,32,92 

cinereicapillns, Colaptes 76 

cinereiceps, Tyranniscus 94 

Tyrannulus 94 

cinereum, Conirostrum 116 

cinereum 18,33,116 

Todirostrum cinereum 29, 91 

cinereus, Circus 38,57 

Todus 91 

cinnamomea, Muscipeta 95 

cinnamomeus, Myiobius cinnamomeus 96 

Circus cinereus 38, 57 

Cistothorus gram in icola 102 

platensis graminicola 39, 102 

Cnemarchus erythropygius 86 

Cniparchus haematogaster haematogaster — 77 

coelestis, Tanagra 120 

Colaptes cinereicapillus 76 

puna 13,17,18,39,76 

rupicola 76 

Colibri cyanotus 67 

iolata 67 

iolatus 67 

collaris, Trogon 71 

Trogonurus collaris 71 

Collectia spinosa 17 

coloreum, Todirostrum cinereum 91 

Columba albilinea 32, 45 

albilinea 45 

albipennis 9,32,45 

(Chamaepelia) ceciliae 46 

f renata 47 

melanoptera 47 

minuta 47 

montana 47 

plumbea andicola 46 

propinquua 46 

rufina 45 

rufina 28,45 

columbiana, Lampropygia 67 

olumbigallina minuta 47 

comata, Pipra leucocilla 99 

Comberciato, Rio 11,14,26,27 

Compsothlypis pitiayumi 105 

elegans 29,105 

Conirostrum atrocyaneum sordidum 116 

cinereum 116 

cinereum 18,33,116 

cyaneum 33, 116 

f errugineiventris 33, 116 

connectens, Pseudochloris uropygialis ... 39, 41, 112 

Ramphocelus 29 

carbo 120 

jacapa 120 

connivens, Myiozetetes similis 11, 96 

Conopias cinchoneti 96 

Conurus mitratus 61 



coquimbae, Nothoprocta 43 

coronatus, Basileuterus 107 

Myiodioctes 107 

Corvus yncas 124 

Coryphospingus cristatus 113 

cucullatus 28,29,113 

Cosireni, Rio.. 11,14,25,27 

Coturniculus peruanus Ill 

Crax cumanensis 45 

Creciscus viridis facialis 28, 48 

Crex facialis 48 

cristata, Elaenia 28, 29, 95 

Elainea 95 

Heliochera 18 

cristatus, Coryphospingus 113 

Crotophaga ani 29, 72 

Crypturellus 43 

Crypturus obsoletus p unensis 43 

parvirostris 28, 43 

soui 27,43 

tataupa 43 

cucullata, Fringilla 113 

Geothlypis aequinoctialis 29, 106 

Sylvia 106 

cucullatus, Coryphospingus 28, 29, 113 

Cuculus naevius 72 

cumanensis, Crax 45 

Pipile 45 

cunicularia, Pholeoptynx 61 

Curahausi 10 

curvirostris, Nothoprocta 43 

Cuzco 8 

District of 10 

cuzcoensis, Cyanolyca viridicyanea 33, 124 

cyaneicollis, Tangara cyaneicollis 118 

cyaneum, Conirostrum 33, 116 

cyanocephala, Aglaia 120 

Ardea 51 

Sporothraupis cyanocephala . . 120 

cyanocephalus, Nycticorax 38, 51, 52, 53 

Cyanocitta jolyaea 124 

Cyanocorax incas 124 

violaceus 124 

Cyanolesbia mocoa smaragdina 69 

cyanoleuca, Atticora 102 

Hirundo 102 

Cyanolyca jolyaea 33, 124 

viridicyanea cuzcoensis 33, 124 

cyanoptera, Querquedula 55 

cyanopterus, Pterophanes 38, 68 

Trochilus 68 

cyanotus, Colibri 67 

Trochilus 67 

Cypseloides brunneitorqucs 65 

brunneitorques. 65 
Cypselus montivagus 65 

Dacnis cayana glaucogularis 116 

pulcherrima 116 

xanthophthalma 122 

Dafila spinicauda 38, 55 

daphne, Chlorostilbon 66 

prasinus 28,66 

darwini, Tanagra 120 

darwini 120 

decumanus, Ostinops 123 



INDKX. 



129 



Tage. 

Dendroica caeraiea 40, 103 

rara 105 

dcpendens, Spinas 17 

Didelphis 19 

Diglossa brunneivcntris 9, 13, 17, 31, 33, 114, 115 

indigotica 115 

melaiiopis 115 

mystacalis 33 

albilinea 41,114 

mystacalis 114 

pectoralis Ill 

personata 115 

melaiiopis 18, 33, 115 

sittoides 114 

sittoides 114 

Di plopteras naevius 72 

Diuca spcculifcra 39, 113 

Dubusia stictocephala 33, 119 

Dysithamnus olivaceus 29, 79 

ecaudatum, Todirostrum 92 

ecaudatus, Orchilus 92 

Echarati 10,14 

egretta, Ardea 51 

Hcrodias 51 

Elaenea flavogaster 94 

Elaenia albiceps 31, 95 

modesta 95 

subsp 33 

cristate 23, 29, 95 

flavogaster 29 

flavogaster flavogaster 94 

gigas 28, 29, 94 

modesta 95 

obscura obscura 95 

pallatangae 95 

vii idicata 95 

Elainea albiceps 95 

cristata 95 

obscura . . 95 

nagana 94 

pallatangae 95 

placens 95 

elegans, Compsothlypis pil iayumi 28, 105 

Emberiza speculifera 113 

unicolor 113 

Embernagra brunnei-nucha 114 

^miliae, Phcethornis 66 

guyi 66 

Empidochanes poeeilurus peruanus 97 

Empidonax pusillus trailli 9S 

trailli alnorum 29, 40, 98 

episcopus, Thraupis 14 

Eriocnemis sapphiropygia 68 

Erismatura ferruginea 55 

Erythrina 21 

erythroccrcus, Myiarchus 98 

erythroleuca, Grallaria 33, 80 

erythronotus, Buteo 38, 57 

Haliaetus 57 

erythrops, Leptopogon 94 

erythropygia, Taenioptera 86 

erythropygius, Cnemarcbus 83 

Myiotheretes 39 

erythrothorax, Chama?pelia 46 

Escallonia 20 

estella, Oreotrochilus 39, 67 

2787—21 9 



Tagc. 

estella, Trochilus 07 

euophrys, M yiothlypis 107 

Eupetomena hirundo 66 

macroura hirundo 2% 66 

Euphonia chrysopasta 117 

laniirostris pcruvian a 117 

xanthogastra 117 

Eurypyga major meridionalis 27, 51 

Euscarthmus cinerea 92 

leucogaster 91 

margaritaceiventer .28 

margaritaceiventris ruflpes 29, 91 

pyrrhops 91 

wuchereri 91 

excelsus, Phrygilus alaudinus 113 

facialis, Creciscus viridis 28, 48 

Crex 48 

falcinellus, Ibis 51 

Falcinehus ridgwayi 51 

Falco fusco-caerulescens 15, 32, 38, 60 

uncinatus 60 

unicinctus 57 

falklandicus, Nycticorax cyanocephalus 53 

fasciata, Atticora 101 

Hirundo 101 

Pipra 96 

fasciatus, Sublegatus 28, 96 

fasciatus 29,96 

femoralis, Hypotriorchis 60 

ferruginea, Erismatura 55 

Oxyura 38, 55 

ferrugineiveutris, Conirostrum 33, 116 

flammulata, Siptornis 84 

flavigularis, Chlorospingus flavigularis 122 

Pipilopsis 122 

flavirostris, Anaeretes 17, 31, 33, 93 

flavogaster, Elaenea 94 

Elaenia 29 

flavogaster 94 

Pipra 94 

flavovirens, Leptopogon 92 

flexuosa, Berberis 17 

florentes, Tangara parzudakii 118 

fluviatilis, Muscisaxicola 29, 90 

Formicivora rufa rufatra 89 

rufatra SO 

fraseri, Oreomanes 33.41, 115 

frenata, Cohunba 47 

Gallinago 50 

Geotrygon 47 

Oreopeleia 47 

Fringilla arvensis 110 

cucullata 113 

fruticeti 112 

frontalis, Chlorospingus 122 

Hemispingus frontalis 122 

Hylophilus 122 

frontatus, Aratinga 62 

fruticeti, Fringilla 112 

Phrygilus 39,112 

fucata, Alopochelidon 29, 102 

Atticora 28 

Hirundo 102 

Fulica ' 13 

ardesiaca 38, 49 

gigantea 38,49 



130 



INDEX. 



Page. 

fulvescens, Nothoprocta 38, 43 

fulvicervix, Calliste 118 

Calospiza 118 

Tangara 118 

fulvigularis, Malacoptila 75 

f ulvigularis 75 

furcatus, Anthus 39, 108 

f uscicapillus, Picolaptes 86 

Thripobrotus 86 

fusco-caerulesceas, Falco 15, 32, 38, 60, 81 

Gallinago andina 50 

braziliensis andina 38, 50 

frenata 50 

Gallinula galeata garmani 38 

garmani 48 

Gambetta melanoleuca 50 

garmani, Gallinula 48 

galeata 48 

Geositta tenuirostris 18, 31, 39, 81 

Geothlypis aequinoctialis cucallata 29, 106 

eanlcapiila assimilis 106 

Geotrygon frenata 47 

Geranoaetus melanoleucus 60 

gigantea, Fuliea 38, 49 

gigantodes, Semimcrula gigas 33, 104 

gigas, Elaenia 23, 29, 94 

Patagona 39, 66 

Troehilus 66 

Glaucidium brasiliannm 61 

glaueogularis, Capito 74 

Dacnis cayana 116 

Grallaria erythroleuca 32, 80 

rufula obscura 18, 80 

sororia 80 

graminicola, Cistothorus 102 

piatensis 39, 102 

Siptornis 39, 84 

Synailaxis 84 

grammicus, Celeus 77 

grisea, Muscisaxicola 39, 90 

Schist ocb! amy s atra 123 

griseipectus, Phacellodomus striaticeps . . . 39, 41, 85 

grisei ventris, Catamenia analoides 33, 41, 109 

Synailaxis 82 

griseoeularis, Sublegatus 96 

griseola, Chamaepelia 47 

gryphus, Sareorhamphus 38, 56 

Vultur 56 

gularis, Tangara cyaneicollis 118 

guttata, Margarornis 85 

Or talis 44 

Penelope 44 

Premnornis 85 

gutturalis, Spermophila 108 

guyi, Phaethornis 66 

Gymnopelia cechiae ceciliae 38, 46 

gymnops 47 

gymnops, Gymnopelia ceci-iae 47 

Gynoxys 20 

gyroloides, Calospiza 117 

Hadrostomus audax 99 

haematogaster, Campephiius 77 

Cniparchus haematogaster. . . 77 

Picus 77 

haematostigma, Mcsopicus 76 

Haliaetus erythronottis 57 



Page 

Hapalocercus acutipennis 92 

IleiiangeUis arnethystieollis 32 68 

Helianthea cociigena obscura 67 

inca 67 

osculans 67 

Heliochera cristata ig 

rubrocristata 33, 101 

semidiagrammatic representation 

of the range of 36 

Heliodoxa leadbeateri 67 

Helodromas soutarius 2S, 40, 50 

Hemispingus atropileus auricularis 33, 122 

frontalis frontalis 122 

oleagineus 122 

superciliaris nigrifrons 33, 122 

Hemitbraupis Qavicollis centralis 121 

Henicorhina leucophrys 103 

ieucophrys 19, 103 

Herodias egretta 51 

Herpsilochmus motaciiloides 79 

heterurus, Xenops 85 

rutilus 85 

hilaris, Campias 76 

Veniliornis haematostigma 29, 76 

Hirundinea sclateri 95 

Hirundo andecola 101 

cyanoleuca 102 

f asciata 101 

fucata 192 

ruficollis 102 

zonaris 65 

hirundo, Eupetomena 66 

macroura 28, 66 

Hoploxypterus cayanus 28, 50 

Huambutio 13 

Huaracondo, 13; Canyon, 13; River 16 

Huatanay, Rio 13 

huhula, Ciccaba 28, 61 

Strix 61 

huhulum, Syrnium 61 

Huiro 9 

Hydrocorax vigua 56 

Hydropsalis lyra 64 

torquata 64 

Hylopezus rufula obscura 33 

Hylophilus frontalis 122 

hypochlorus, Lophotriccus squamaecristatus. 1 1, 91 

hypoleuca, Zenaida 46 

hypospodia, Synailaxis 29, 83 

hypospodius, Buteo 58, 59 

Hypotriorchis femoralis 60 

Ibis falcinellus 51 

Ibycter megalopterus 57 

Idma 10, 14, 24 

igniventris, Aglaia 119 

Poecilothraupis 33, 119 

immaculatus, Anthus bogotensis 39, 108 

inca, Bourcieria 67 

Helianthea 67 

incas, Cyanocorax 124 

inconspicua, Sporophila gutturalis 11, 29, 108 

indigotica, Diglossa 115 

inornata, Amazona farinosa 63 

Catamenia inornata 33, 109 

Chrysotis 63 

Linaria 109 



INDEX. 



131 



Page. 

inornata, Neinosia 121 

Thlypopsis 121 

t&solens, Agriornis 9 

solitaria 31,39,86 

insperatus, Capito auratiis 27, 72, 73 

intermedins, Capito auratus 73 

iolata, Colibri 67 

Petasophora 67 

iolatus, Colibri 67 

Iridophanes pulcherrima aureinucha 116 

pulchcrrima 113 

Iridosornis analis 119 

jelskii 110 

jelskii 33,119 

jacarini, Tanagra 109 

Volatinia jacarini 29, 109 

jacquacu, Penelope 27, 44 

jacquacu 44 

jelskii, Iridosornis 119 

jelskii 33,119 

Picumnus 77 

jolyaea, Cyanocitta 124 

Cyanolyca 33, 124 

josephae, Vireo 105 

Vireosylva 1-1 

Vireosylva 105 

Junin, Lake 11 

juiiinensis, Podiceps callipareus 38, 49 

Speotyto cunicularia 38, 61 

kalinowskii, Nothoprocta 38, 44 

Knipolegus aterrimus ockendeni 89 

net erogyna ockendeni 89 

laeta, Tanagra darwini 10, 13 

Thraupis darwini 9, 33, 120 

La Merced 11 

Lampropygia columbiana 67 

obscura 67 

langsdorffi, Pteroglossus 75 

Selenidera 75 

La Raya 7, 8, 12, 14, 15 

Larus serranus 38, 49 

laticlavius, Saltator 110 

latirostris, Anlanax 97 

Sayornis nigricans 97 

leadbeateri, Heliodoxa 67 

Leptasthenura andicola andicola 82 

peruviana 39, 40, 82 

pileata 39, 82 

Leptodon uncinatus 60 

Leptopogon erythrops 94 

flavovirens 92 

rufipectus 94 

superciliaris superciliaris 94 

tristis 92 

ventraUs 92 

Leptoptila chloroauchenia 47 

ochroptera 47 

ochroptera 28, 47 

Iessoni, Ochthoeca lessoni 88 

Lessonia niger oreas 9, 39, 91 

Leucippus chionogaster 66 

leucogaster 66 

viridicanda 66 

leucocephalus, Cinclus 103 

leucogaster, Euscar Lhmus 91 

Leucippus 66 



Page. 

leucogaster, Trochilus 66 

leucogenis, Anas 56 

leucogenys, Merganetta 32, 56 

leucogenys 56 

leucornetopa, Ochthoeca 87 

leucophrys 33, 87 

leucophrys, Henicorhina 103 

leucophrys 19,103 

Ochthoeca 87 

Troglodytes 103 

leucophthalma, Aratinga 63 

leucophthalmus, Psittacus 63 

leucops, Planesticus 104 

Turdus 104 

leucoptera, Tanagra 120 

Licamachay 10 

Life Zones of the Urubam ba Valley 26 

Linaria inornata 109 

lineatus, Ceophloeus 29, 77 

lineatus 77 

Picus 77 

Lochmias obscurata 82 

sororia 82 

Lomaria 22 

Lophotriccus squamaecristatus hypoehlorus . 11, 91 

pilcatus 91 

Luatanay 10 

lunulata, Poecilothraupis 119 

lyra, Hydropsalis 64 

Uropsalis 64 

Machu Picchu 14 

Macropsalis lyra peruana 64 

macrourus, Troglodytes solstitialis 23, 103 

macularia, Actitis 50 

Tringa 50 

macularius, Tringoidas 50 

maculirostris, Muscisaxicola 39, 90 

maculosa, Nothura 28 

maculcsus, Ostinops decurnamis 27, 123 

magnirostris, Rupornis 59 

Malacoptila fulvigularis 75 

falvigularis 75 

melanopogon 75 

major, Tanagra coelestis 120 

Thraupis episcopus 29, 120 

Maramora 10 

Maraynioc 8 

margaritaceiventer, Euscarthmus 28 

Margarornis guttata 85 

perlata 33,85 

peruviana 85 

matthewsi, Boissonneaua 68 

Panoplites 68 

Trochilus 68 

maximus, Saltator 109 

Mecocerculus leucophrys nigriceps 88 

setophagoides 33, 88 

poecilocercus 89 

stictopterus euplastus 89 

taeniopterus 33,89 

subtropicalis 41, 89 

taeniopterus 89 

megaloptera, Aquila 57 

Ibycter .' 38 

megaloptems, Ibycter 57 

Milvago 57 



132 



INDEX. 



Page. 

melaleucus, Tachyphonus 121 

melancholicus, Tyrannus 29, 99 

Tyrannulus melancholicus ... 99 
melanocephalus, Myioborus melanocephalus . 14, 19 
melanochrous, Thamnophilus. . . 10, 14, 19, 27, 29, 79 

melanogenys, Adelomyia 68 

melanoleuca, Scolopax 50 

melanoleucus, Campephilus melanoleucus ... 77 

Geranoaetus 60 

Picus 77 

Spizaetus 60 

Spiziastur 38, 60 

Totanus 40, 50 

melanopis, Diglossa personata 18, 33, 115 

melanopogon, Malacoptila fulvigiilaris 75 

melanoptera, Bernicla 55 

Chloephaga 18, 38 

Columba 47 

Metriopelia 47 

melanoptera 47 

Tanagra 120 

Thraupis palmarum 29, 120 

melanosternus, Buteo 59 

melanota, Pipridea 117 

melanotis, Calliste 118 

Calospiza 118 

Tangara 118 

mercenaria, Amazona 63 

Psittacus 63 

Merganetta leucogenys 32, 56 

leucogenys 53 

meridensis, Chloronerpes rubiginosus 76 

Pheucticus uropygialis 108 

meridionalis, Eurypyga major 27, 51 

Mesopicus haematostigma 76 

Metallura aeneocauda 38, 69 

smaragdinicollis smaragdinicollis. . 32, 69 

Metriopelia melanoptera 47 

melanoptera 38, 47 

saturatior 47 

Microcrypturus 43 

micropterus, Scytalopus 77 

Micropus andecolus 05 

parvulus 65 

montivagans 32, 65 

parvulus 32, 40, 65 

peruvianus 40, 65 

Microrhopias bicolor 80 

rufa rufater 28, 80 

quixensis SO 

Microspingus trifasciatus 33, 123 

Mijuca 19 

Mil vago mogalopterus 57 

minuta, Chamaepelia minuta 28, 47 

Columba 47 

Columbigallina 47 

Mionectes poliocephalus 93 

striaticollis poliocephalus 93 

mitrata, Aratinga mitrata 14, 61, 62 

mitratus, Conurus 61 

Mitrephanes ochraceiventcr 97 

olivaceus 97 

modesta, Elaenia 95 

albieeps 95 

Siptomis 83 

Momotus aequatorialis chlorolaemus 63 



Page. 

Monasa morphoeus peruana 27, 75 

montana, Columba 47 

Oreopeleia 47 

montivagans, Micropus 32 

montivagus, Cypselus 65 

Micropus 65 

motacilloides, Herpsilochmus 79 

mulsanti, Acestrura 70 

Chaetocercus 70 

Ornismya 70 

murina, Orochelidon 39, 101 

Petrochelidon 101 

Muscicapa angustirostris 92 

canadensis 106 

cayennensis 96 

olivacea 105 

(Todirostrum) ruficeps 91 

rubra 121 

Muscipeta cinnamomea 96 

obscura 95 

Muscisaxicola albifrons 39, 89 

albilora 39, 90 

fluviatilis 29, 90 

grisea 39, 90 

maculirostris 39, 90 

occipitalis 90 

rufivertex 31, 39, 90 

ruflcrissa 90 

Myiarchus atriceps 99 

cephalot es 98 

erythrocercus 98 

mexicanus chlorepiscius 98 

pelzelni 28, 29, 99 

tyrannulus chlorepiscius 29, 98 

Myiobius cinnamomeus cinnamomeus 96 

fasciatus saturatus 29, 97 

naevius 97 

saturatus 97 

ochraceiventer 97 

subochraceus 97 

Myioborus melanocephalus melanoceph- 
alus 14,19,106 

verticalis 106 

Myiochanes ardosiacus ardosiacus 98 

Myiodioctes coronatus 107 

tristriatus 107 

Myiodynastes chrysocephalus 95 

chrysoeephalus. 96 

Myiopagis viridicata 29, 95 

Myiosympctes acutipennis 29, 92 

Myiotheretes ery thropygius 39 

Myiothlypis euophrys 107 

nigr^cristatus 106 

striaticeps, 107 

Myiozetetes cayennensis 29, 96 

similis connivens, 11, 96 

Myospiza aurifrons aurifrons Ill 

peruana 29, 111 

peruana Ill 

mystacalis, Diglossa 33 

mystacalis 114 

nacurutu, Bubo Virginian us 60 

Strix 60 

naevia, Tapera 14, 29, 72 

naevius, Cuculus 72 

Diploptcrus 72 



INDEX. 



133 



Page. 

naevius, Myiobius 97 

Nycticorax 15,52,53 

Tapera 72 

nattereri, Rupornis 59 

Nemosia flavicollis centralis 121 

inornata 121 

Nettion oxypterum 18,38,55 

niger, Scytalopus 77 

nigrescens, Antrostomus 64 

nigricans, iSayornis 97 

nigriceps, Mecocerculus leucophrys 88 

nigricrissa, Piaya cayana 72 

nigrifrons, Chlorospingus 122 

Hemispingus superciliaris 33, 122 

nigrocristatus, Myiothlypis 106 

nobilis, Oreonympha 32, 69 

noronha, Zenaida auricnlata 46 

Nothoprocta coquimbae 43 

curvirostris 43 

fulvescens 38, 43 

kalinowskii 38, 44 

perdicaria 43 

Nothura boliviana 44 

maculosa 28 

boliviana 38, 44 

peruviana 11, 28, 44 

nuna, Ornismya 70 

Psalidoprymna 32, 70 

Nycticorax cyanocephalus 38, 51, 52, 53 

falklandicus 53 

naevius 15, 52, 53 

tayazu-guira 38, 51, 52, 53 

obseurus 51 

Nyctidromus albicollis 64 

Nystalus striolatus 75 

obscura, Elaenia obscura 95 

Elainea 95 

Grallaria rufula 18,80 

Helianthea coeligena 67 

Hylopezus rufula 33 

Lampropy gia Columbiana 67 

Muscipeta 95 

Oropezus rufula 80 

Piaya cayana 28, 72 

Sporophila 28,29,109 

obscurata, Lochmias 82 

obseurus, Nycticorax 51 

occidua, Rupornis magnirostris 59 

occipitalis, Muscisaxicola 90 

Occobamba Pass 18 

Valley 18 

ochracei venter, Mitrephanes 97 

Myiobius 97 

ochreata, Acaena 22 

Ocreatus armae 68 

ochroptera, Leptoptila 47 

ochroptera 28, 47 

Ochthoeca frontalis spodionota 33, 87 

fumicolor berlepscbi 33, 87 

brunneifrons 87 

lessoni lessoni 88 

tectricialis 33, 41, 88 

leucometopa 87 

leucophrys 87 

leucometopa 33,87 

oenanthoides 87 

2737—21 10 



Page. 

Ochthoeca oenanthoides polionota 39, 87 

pulchella 87 

rufipectoralis 88 

spodionota 87 

thoracica 33, 88 

ockendeni, Knipolegus aterrimus , 89 

heterogyna 89 

Odontophorus stellatus 45 

Odontorchilus branickii branickii 102 

Odontorhynchus branickii 102 

oenanthoides, Ochthoeca 87 

oleaginous, Hemispingus frontalis 122 . 

olivacea, Muscicapa 105 

Vireosylva 40, 105 

Vireosylvia 105 

olivaceum, Chalcostigma 32, 69 

olivaceus, Dysithamnus 29,79 

Mitrephanes 97 

Ramphomicron 69 

Thamnophilus 79 

olivina, Schistochlamys atra 29, 123 

Tanagra 123 

Ollantay tambo 17 

orbignesius, Bolborhynchus 63 

orbignyanus, Thinochorus 18, 38, 50 

Tinochorus 50 

Orchesticus ater 123 

Orchilus ecaudatus 92 

rufipes 91 

oreas, Centrites 91 

Lessonia niger 9, 39, 91 

orenocensis, Veniliornis haematostigma 77 

Oreomanes binghami 41, 115 

fraseri 33, 41, 115 

Oreonympha nobilis 32, 69 

Oreopeleia frenata 47 

montana 47 

Oreotriccus plumbeiceps 92 

Oreotrochilus estella 39, 67 

orinomus, Querquedula 55 

cyanoptera 38, 55 

Oriolestes 19 

ornatus, Cephalopterus 27, 101 

Ornismya mulsanti 70 

nuna • 70 

Orochelidon andecola 39, 101 

murina 39, 101 

Oropezus rufula obscura 80 

Ortalis guttata 44 

adspersa 44 

Orthorhynchus amethysticollis 68 

smaragdinicollis 69 

Ortyx stellata 45 

osculans, Helianthea 67 

Ostinops atrovirens 14, 123 

decumanus 123 

maculosus 27,123 

ottonis, Siptornis 39, 84 

Otuscholiba 28,61 

oxyptera, Anas 55 

Querquedula 55 

oxypterum, Nettion 18, 38, 55 

Oxyura ferruginea 38, 55 

Pacaymayo 10 

Pachyrhamphus versicolor 100 



134 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Pachyrhamphus versicolor versicolor 100 

pagana, Elainea 94 

pallatangae, Elaenia 95 

Elainea 95 

pallens, Zenaida auriculata 28, 46 

pallida, Upucerthia 31,39,81 

palpebralis, Schizoeaca 33,82 

Paltaypampa 10 

Pampade Derrumbe..., 10 

Pampaconas River 25 

Panoplites matthewsi 68 

Parabuteo unicinctus 57 

unicinctus 28 

Paramo Zone 34 

Pardirallus rytirhynchus rytirhynchus 38, 48 

tschudii 48 

paiina, Xenodacnis 33, 116 

Par ula pit iayumi 105 

parulus, Anaeretes 93 

parvirostris, Chlcrospingus flavigularis 122 

Crypturus 28,43 

parvulus, Micropus 65 

andecolus 65 

parzudakii, Tanagra 118 

Tangara 118 

Patagona gigas 39, 66 

pectoralis, Diglossa 114 

pelzelni, Myiarchus 28, 29, 99 

Penelope aburri 45 

boliviana 44 

guttata 44 

jacquacu 27, 44 

jacquacu 44 

sclateri plumosa 44 

speciosa 44 

Peramys 19 

perdicaria, Nothoprocta 43 

perlata, Margarornis 33, 85 

Strix 61 

flammea 61 

Tyto 28,32,61 

perlatus, Sittasomus 85 

personata, Diglossa 115 

personatus, Trogon 70 

Trogonurus . . . .' 70 

peruana, Macropsalir lyra 64 

Monasa morphoeus 27, 75 

Myospiza Ill 

aurifrons 29,111 

peruanus, Coturniculus, Ill 

Empidochanes poecilurus 97 

Spinus ictericus 110 

peruviana, Brachyspiza capensis 15,39,111 

Euphonia laniirostris 117 

Leptasthenura andicola 39, 40, 82 

Margarornis perlata 85 

Nothura maculosa 11, 28, 44 

Pyrgita Ill 

Rupicola 100 

peruviana 21,100 

Tanagra laniirostris 29, 117 

peruvianus, Micropus 32, 40, 65 

Spinus icterus 33 

Petasophora iolata 67 

Petrochelidon murina 101 

Phacellodomus striaticeps griseipectus 39, 41, 85 



Page. 

Phaethornis guyi 66 

Phalacrocorax brasilianus 56 

vigua 56 

vigua 28,38,56 

Pharomachrus antisianus 70 

antisiensis 70 

auriceps 21, 70 

chrysocephaluschrysogaster.. 108 

Pheucticus uropygialis meridensis 108 

terminalis 41, 108 

uropygialis 108 

Phoenisoma ardens 121 

Phoethornis emiliae 66 

guyiemiliae 66 

Pholeoptynx cunicularia 61 

Phrygilus alaudinus 39 

excelsus 113 

fruticeti 39, 1 12 

gayi punensis 39, 112 

plebeius 113 

plebejus 39, 113 

unicolor 18 

unicolor 39,113 

Phylloscartes ventralis angustirostris 92 

Piaya cayana 72 

boliviana 72 

obscura 28, 72 

nigricrissa 72 

Picolaptes fuscicapillus 86 

lacrymiger warszewiczi 86 

Picumnus jelskii 77 

Picus haematogaster 77 

lineatus 77 

melanoleueus 77 

pileata, Leptasthenura 39, 82 

pileatus, Lophotriccus squamaecristatus 91 

Pipile cumanensis 45 

Pipilopsis flavigularis 122 

Pipra chloromeros 99 

fasciatus 96 

flavogaster 94 

leucocilla comata 99 

Pipraeidea melanota venezuelensis 117 

Pipridea melanota 117 

venezuelensis 117 

Piranga ardens 121 

rubra 121 

rubra 40, 121 

testacea 28 

tschudi 29 

tschudii 121 

Pisac 13, 15 

Pisorhina eholiba 61 

pitiayumi, Compsothlypis 105 

Parula 105 

Pitumarca 9 

Pitylus albociliaris 110 

chrysogaster 108 

placens, Elainea 95 

Planesticus leucops 104 

serranus 104 

sp 104 

platalea, Anas 55 

Spatula 3S, 55 

Platypsaris audax 99 

plebeius, Phrygilus 113 



INDEX. 



135 



Page. 

plebejus, Phrygilus 39, 113 

Plegadis ridgwayi 38, 51 

plumbeiceps^Oreotriccus 92 

Pogonotriccus 92 

plumosa, Penelope sclateri 44 

Podiceps americanus 38, 49 

calipareus 49 

calliparaeus juninensis 38, 49 

rollandi 49 

poecilocercus, Mecocerculus 89 

Serpophaga 89 

poecilochrous, Buteo 38, 57, 59 

Poecilothraupis igniventris 33, 119 

lunulata 119 

Pogonotriccus plumbeiceps 92 

poliocephalus, Mionectes 93 

striaticollis 93 

polionota, Ochthoeca oenanthoides 39, 87 

poliosomus, Buteo 58 

pollens, Agriornis 39, 85 

Poospizopsis caesar 9, 33, 111 

Potrero 10 

prasinus, Chlorostilbon 66 

Premnornis guttata 85 

Procnopis argentea 119 

propinqua, Columba plumbea 46 

proxima, Siptornis modesta 39, 41, 83, 84 

Psalidoprymna nuna 32, 70 

Pseudochloris oli vascens berlepschi 1 12 

chloris 39,111 

uropygialis connectens — 39, 41, 112 

uropygialis 112 

Pseudocolaptes boissonn eauti auritus 84 

Pseudospingus xanthophthalmus 33, 122 

Psittacula andicola 63 

Psittacus leucopbthalmus 63 

mercenaria 63 

Pteroglossus castanotis 75 

castanotis 75 

langsdorffi 75 

Pterophanes cyanopterus 38, 68 

teinmincki 68 

Ptiloscelys resplendens 38, 50 

Ptyonura albifrons 89 

pulchella, Ochthoeca 87 

pulcherrirna, Dacnis 116 

Iridophanes pulcherrirna 116 

puna, Colaptes 13,17,18,39,76 

Querquedula 38, 55 

Troglodytes musculus 33, 102 

Puna Zone 34 

Origin of the Avifauna of the 35 

Puna Zone Birds, Distributional Analysis of. 38 

punctatus, Capito 72 

punensis, Crypturus obsoletus 43 

Phrygilus gayi 39, 112 

Puquiura 13 

Pygochelidon cyanoleuca 102 

Pyranga testacea tschudii 121 

Pyrgita peruviana Ill 

pyrrhops, Euscarthmus 91 

Querquedula cyanoptera 55 

orinomus 38,55 

orinomus 55 

oxyptera 55 

puna 38, 55 



quixensis, Microrhopias 80 

radiatus, Thamnophilus 79 

Rallus chiricote 48 

rytirhynchus 48 

Ramphocelus atrosericeus 120 

carbo connectens 29, 120 

jacapa connectens 120 

Ramphomicron olivaceus 69 

vulcani 69 

rara, Dendroica 105 

resplendens, Charadrius 50 

Ptiloscelys 38, 50 

Vanellus 50 

ridgwayi, Falcinellus 51 

Plegadis 38,51 

Rio Comberciato, 7, 11, 14, 26; Cosireni, 11, 25; 

Pampaconas, 24; San Miguel 24 

rivularis, Cillurus , 81 

Cinclodes fuscus 17,39,81 

rollandi, Podiceps 49 

rubra, Muscicapa 121 

Piranga 121 

rubra 40, 121 

rubrocristata, Ampelis 101 

Heliochera 33, 101 

rufa, Tangara 121 

rufater, Microrhopias rufa 29, 80 

Thamnophilus 80 

rufatra, Formicivora 80 

rufa 80 

ruficeps, Caenotriccus 33,91 

Muscicapa (Todirostrum) 91 

Sylvia 122 

Thlypopsis 122 

Tinamus 42 

major 27 

ruficervix, Stenopsis 64 

Thermochalcis 32, 64 

ruficollis, Hirundo 102 

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis 29, 102 

ruficrissa, Muscisaxicola rufivertex 90 

r ufina, Columba 45 

rufina 28,45 

rufipectoralis, Ochthoeca 88 

rufipectus, Leptopogon 94 

rufipes, Euscarthmus margaritaceiventer 29, 91 

Orchilus 91 

rufiventer, Tachyphonus 121 

Tan agra 121 

rufivertex, Muscisaxicola 31, 39, 90 

rufus, Tachyphonus 29,121 

Rupicola peruviana 100 

aurea 101 

peruviana 21,100 

saturata 100 

saturata 100 

rupicola, Colaptes 76 

Rupornis magnirostris 59 

occidua 59 

natt er eri 59 

rytirhynchus, Rallus 48 

Pardirallus rytirhynchus 48 

sajamae, Siptornis modesta 83, 84 

salmoni, Tigrisoma 54 

Saltator albociliaris 13, 17, 31, 110 

azarae 110 



136 



INDEX. 



Saltator caer ulescens azarae 110 

laticlavius 110 

maximus 109 

San Fernando 24 

San Geronimo 10 

San Miguel Bridge 14, 20, 30 

San Miguel, Rio 24 

Santa Ana 8, 14, 22 

District of 10 

Valley of 27 

sapphiropygia, Eriocnemis 68 

Vestipedes 38, 68 

Sarcorhamphus gryphus 38, 56 

saturata, Buthraupis cucullata 11, 33, 119 

Rupicola 100 

peruviana 100 

saturatior, Metriopelia melanoptera 47 

saturatus, Myiobius fasciatus 29, 97 

naevius 97 

Sayornis cineracea angustirostris 97 

nigricans 97 

cineracea..* 97 

latirostris 97 

Scaphorhynchus chrysocephalus 96 

Schistochlamys atra 123 

grisea 123 

olivina 29,123 

Schizoeaca palpebralis 33, 82 

schranki, Tanagra 117 

Tangara 117 

sclateri, Hirundinea 96 

Todirostrum 91 

Scolopax andina 50 

melanoleuca 50 

scrutator, Thripadectes 85 

Scytalopus acutirostris 32, 77 

bolivianus 79 

micropterus 77 

bolivianus 79 

niger 77 

silvestris 78 

simonsi 78 

sp 33,78 

Selenidera langsdorffi 75 

Semimerula chiguanco 33, 104 

gigas gigantodes 33,104 

Serpophaga cinerea 31 

cinerea 92 

poecilocercus 89 

serranus, Larus 38, 49 

Planesticus 104 

Turdus 104 

Serrirostrum sittoides 114 

Setophaga melanocephala 106 

verticalis 106 

setophagoides, Mecocerculus leucophrys 33, 88 

Tyrannula 88 

signatus, Basileuterus 11, 107 

luteoviridis 14 

silvestris, Scytalopus 78 

simonsi, Scytalopus 78 

Siptornis albicapilla 39, 83 

flammulata 84 

graminicola 39, 84 

modesta 83 

proxima 39,41,83,84 

sajamae 83,84 



Page. 

Siptornis ottonis 39,84 

urubambensis 39, 40, 84 

Sittasomus perlatus «. 85 

sittoides, Diglossa 114 

sittoides 114 

Serrirostrum 114 

smaragdina, Cyanolesbia mocoa 69 

smaragdinicollis, Metallura smaragdinicollis.. 32, 69 

Orthorbynchus. 69 

smaragdinus, Trochilus 69 

solitaria, Tringa 50 

solitarius, Helodromas 28, 40, 50 

sordidum, Conirostrum atrocyaneum 116 

sororia, Grallaria 80 

Lochmias 82 

soui, Crypturus 27, 43 

sparverius, Cercbneis 28, 38, 60 

Tinnunculus 60 

Spathura annae 68 

Spatula platalea 38, 55 

speciosa, Penelope 44 

speculifera, Diuca 39, 113 

Emberiza 113 

Speotyto cunicularia juninensis 38, 61 

Spermopbila gutturalis 108 

spinicauda, Anas 55 

Dafila 38,55 

spinosa, Collectia 17 

Spinus atratus 39, 110 

dependens 17 

ictericus peruanus 33, 110 

Spizaetus melanoleucus 60 

Spiziastur melanoleucus 38, 60 

spodionota, Ochthoeca 87 

frontalis 33,87 

Sporophila gutturalis inconspicua 11, 29, 108 

obscura 28, 28, 109 

Sporothraupis cyanocepbala cyanocephala. . . 120 

Steganura addae 68 

Stelgidopteryx ruflcollis ruficollis 29, 102 

stellata, Ortyx 45 

stellatus, Odontophoras 45 

Stenolobium 17 

Stenopsis ruficervix 64 

stictocephala, Dubusia 33, 119 

stigmatura, Cnlorophanes pulcherrima 116 

Streptoprocne zonaris zonaris 28, 65 

striaticeps, Basileuterus luteoviridis 106, 107 

Myiothlypis 107 

striolatus, Bucco 75 

Nystalus 75 

Strix brasiliana 61 

cboliba 61 

flammea perlata 61 

huhula 61 

nacurutu 60 

perlata 61 

Sublegatus fasciatus 28, 96 

fasciatus 29,96 

griseocularis 96 

subochraceus, Myiobius 97 

subradiatus, Thamnophilus 79 

nigricristatus — 79 

radiatus 29,79 

Subtropical Zone 30 

subtropicalis, Mecocerculus 41, 89 

superciliaris, Basileuterus luteoviridis ... 33, 41, 106 



INDEX. 



137 



Page. 

superciliaris Leptopogon superciliaris 94 

Suriti 10 

Sycalis arvensis 39, 110 

chloris Ill 

Sylvania canadensis 106 

Sylvia cerulea 105 

chi vi 105 

cucullata 106 

ruficeps 122 

Synallaxis albicapilla 83 

azarae azarao 82 

graminieola 84 

griseiventris 82 

hypospodia 29, 83 

Syrnium huhulum 61 

Taenioptera erythropygia 86 

t aeniopterus, Mecocerculus 89 

stictopterus 33, 89 

Tachyphonus melaleucus 121 

rufiventer 121 

rufus 29, 121 

Tambillo 10 

Tanagra analis 119 

chrysopasta 117 

coelestis 120 

major 120 

darwini 120 

darwini 120 

laeta 10,13 

jacarini 109 

lanirostris peruviana 29, 117 

leucoptera 120 

maximus 109 

melanoptera 120 

olivina 123 

parzudakii 118 

rufiventer 121 

schranki 117 

xanthogaster 117 

Tangara argentea argentea 119 

• cbilensis 117 

chrysotis 119 

cyaneicollis caeruleocephala 118 

cyaneicollis 118 

gularis 118 

fulvicervix 118 

gyroloides catharinae 117 

melanotis 118 

nigroviridis berlepschii 118 

parzudakii 118 

fiorentes 118 

ruia 121 

schranM 117 

xanthocephala xanthocephala 1 19 

t ao, Tinamus 42 

Tapacolas 77 

Tapera naevia 14, 29, 72 

naevius 72 

tataupa, Crypturus 43 

tayazu-guira, Ardea 51 

Nycticorax 52, 53 

naevius 38, 58 

tectricialis, Ochthoeca lessoni 33, 41, 88 

t emmincki, Pteropnanes 68 

Temperate^Zone 7,30 

avifauna of the 32 

Distributional Analysis of 
Birds of the 32 



Page. 

tenuirostris, Certhilauda 81 

Geositta 18,31,39,81 

terminalis, Pheucticus uropygialis 41, 108 

testacea, Piranga 28 

Thamnophilus melanoclirous 10, 14, 19, 27, 29, 79 

nigricristatus subradiatus .... 79 

olivaceus 79 

radiatus 79 

subradiatus 29,79 

rufater SO 

subradiatus 79 

Theristicus branickii 18, 38, 51 

Tnermochalcis ruficervix 32, 64 

thilius, Agelaeus 124 

Agelaius 39, 124 

Agelasticus 124 

Turdus 124 

Thinocorus orbignyanus 18, 38, 50 

Thlypopsis inornata 121 

ruficeps 122 

thoracica, Ochthoeca 33,88 

Thraupis darwini laeta 9,33,120 

episcopus 14, 29, 120 

palmarum melanoptera 29, 120 

Thnpadect es scrutator 85 

Thripobrotus fuscicapillus 86 

warscevriczi 86 

warscewiczi 86 

Tigrisoma salmoni 54 

Tinamus major ruficeps 27 

ruficeps 42 

tao 42 

Tinnunculus sparverhas 60 

cinnamominus 60 

Tinochorus orbignyanus 50 

Tinta 9,13 

Titicaca, Lake 12 

Todirostrum cmereum 91 

cinereum 29,91 

coloreum 91 

ecaudatum 92 

sclateri 91 

Todus cinereus 91 

Torontoy 14, 19,30 

torquata, Hydropsalis 64 

torquatus, Caprimulgus 64 

Totanus nielanoleucus 40,50 

trailli, Empidonax pusillus 98 

trifasciatus, if icrospingus 33, 123 

Tnnga macularia 50 

solitaria 50 

Tringoides macularius 50 

tristis, Leptopogon 92 

tristriatus, Basileuterus 107 

Myiodioctes 107 

Trochilus aeneocauda 69 

amethystina 70 

castelnaudi 68 

cyanopterus 68 

cyanotus 67 

estella 67 

gigas 66 

leucogastcr .• 66 

matthev. si 68 

smaragdina 69 

Troglodytes audax 103 

leucophrys 103 

musculus audax 29, 103 



138 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Troglodytes musculus puna 33, 1C2 

solstitiaiis macrourus 33, 103 

Trogon antisicnsis 70 

auriceps 70 

bolivianus 71 

collaris 71 

personatus 70 

variegatus behni 71 

Trogonurus bolivianus 71 

collaris collaris 71 

personatus 70 

variegatus 71 

virginalis 71 

Tropical Zone , 27 

Species of the Arid 28 

tschudi, Piranga testacea 29 

tschudii, Pardirallus rytirhynchus 48 

Piranga testacea 121 

Pyranga testacea 121 

Ttica-Ttica 13,16,31,34 

Tungasuca 9 

Turdus chiguanco 10 i 

gigantodes 104 

leucops 104 

serranus 104 

thilius 124 

Tyranniscus bolivianus 94 

viridissimus 94 

cinereiceps 94 

viridissimus 94 

Tyrannula setophagoides 88 

Tyrannulus cinereiceps 94 

melancholicus melancholicus — 99 

Tyrannus melancholicus 29, 99 

cinchoneti 96 

Tyto perlata 28, 32, 61 

uncinatus, Chondrohicrax 60 

Falco 60 

Leptodon 60 

unicinctus Antenor 57 

Falco 57 

Parabuteo 57 

unicinctus 28 

unicolor, Emberiza 113 

Phrygilus 18 

unicolor 39, 113 

Upucerthia, semidiagrammatic representa- 
tion of the range of 37 

atacamensis 81 

pallida 31 , 39, 81 

Uropsalis lyra 64 

uropygialis, Pheucticus uropygialis 1 08 

Pseudochloris uropygialis 112 

Urquillos 10 

Urubamba River 16, 14 

Urubamba Valley, Distributional List of 380 
species and subspecies 
of birds known from 

the 41 

Life-Zones of the 26 

Previous ornithological 

work in the 9 

urubambensis, Siptornis 39, 40, 84 

urubu, Catharista 28, 56 

Vanellus resplendcns 50 

variegatus, Trogonurus 71 



Page. 

venezuelensis, Pipraeidea melanota 117 

Pipridea 117 

Veniliornis haematostigma hilaris 29, 76 

orenocensis 77 

ventralis, Leptopogon 92 

versicolor, Bucco 74 

Capito 74 

Pachyrhamphus 100 

versicolor 100 

Vireo 100 

verticalis, Myioborus 106 

Setophaga 106 

Vestipedes sapphiropygia 38, 68 

vigua, Hydrocorax 56 

Phalacrocorax 56" 

vigua 28, 38, 56 

Vilcabamba ia 

violaceus, Cyanocorax 124 

Vireo chivi 10s 

josephae 105 

versicolor 100 

Vireosylva chivi chivi 29, 105 

josephae 14 

josephae 105 

olivacea 40, 105 

Vireosylvia olivacea 105 

virginalis, Trogonurus 71 

virginianus, Bubo 60 

viridicata, Elaenia 95 

Myiopagis 29, 95 

viridicauda, Leucippus 66 

viridissimus, Tyranniscus 94 

bolivianus 94 

Volatinia jacarini jacarini 29, 109 

vulcani, Chalcostigma stanleyi 32, 69 

Ramphomicron 69 

Vultur aura 56 

gryphus 56 

warscewiczi, Picolaptes lacrymiger 86 

Thripobrotus 86 

warscewiczi 86 

Wilsonia canadensis 40, 106 

wuchereri, Euscarthmus 91 

xanthocephala, Calospiza 119 

Tangara xanthocephala 119 

xanthogaster, Tanagra 117 

xanthogastra, Euphonia 117 

xanthophthalma, Dacnis 122 

xanthophthalmus, Pseudospingus 33, 122 

Xanthoura yncas 124 

yncas 124 

Xenodacnis parina 33, 116 

Xenops heterurus 85 

rutilus heterurus 85 

yncas, Corvus 124 

Xanthoura 124 

yncas 124 

Yuvini 25 

Zenaida auriculata noronha 46 

pallons 28, 46 

hypoleuca 46 

zonaris, Chaetura 65 

Hirundo 65 

Streptoprocne zonaris 28, 65 

Zone, Humid Temperate 7,8 

Puna 15 



O 



